Uncle Tom's Cabin Research Paper

The Influence of the 1850's in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin

Despite heartbreaking family separations and struggles for antislavery Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) erupted into "one of the greatest triumphs recorded in literary history" (Downs 228), inspiring plays, pictures, poems, songs, souvenirs, and statues (Claybaugh 519). As Uncle Tom's Cabin was being published in the National Era newspaper in forty weekly installments (x), it was received by southerners as yet another political and ethical attack on slavery (Crozier 4), which was not uncommon in the 1850s. As for some northerners, Uncle Tom's Cabin was accepted very warmly due to their increasing dislike of slavery, and its strongly feministic idealism seen throughout the story were popular among women of the time. But, even some northerners who disliked slavery condemned the book because they feared it would stir up civil altercation (Downs 235). The heated disputes between the North and the South over slavery caused both sides to divide farther apart until the breaking point in 1865 with the beginning of the Civil War. Clearly, the first half of the nineteenth century in America influenced the writing of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin.

In the opening scene, Stowe introduces Arthur Shelby, a typical southern slaveholding gentleman, and he is discussing his debt with Mr. Haley, a rather insidious slave trader. Because he is in debt, Shelby fastidiously sells his most valuable slave, Tom, an extremely "steady, honest, capable" (Stowe 4) and dedicated middle-aged man who was "united with much kindliness and benevolence" (26), along with Harry Harris, a young slave boy. A sub plot includes Harry and his mother, Eliza Harris, appalled by the sudden dealing, hastily flees with her child in hope of escaping to Canada, taking refuge in a Quaker settlement, which, after reuniting Eliza with her stouthearted husband George, assists her on the road to freedom by way of the Underground Railroad. Meanwhile, Tom is sent on a boat going south and meets an angelic little white girl named Eva, who quickly befriends him. Tom is bought by a "graceful, elegantly formed young man" (Stowe 171) who was "remarkable or an extreme and marked sensitiveness of character" (176), Augustine St. Clare, after Tom saves the life of Eva, St. Clare's angelic daughter. On the farm of the St. Clare family, Tom grows extremely close to Eva because they both share the same views of devout Christianity. Two years pass, and Eva falls ill and dies; her death greatly affects everybody that knew her because she had taught them how to love one another. Shortly after Eva's death, Mr. St. Clare dies as well in a fight. Left with the entire St. Clare estate, the harsh Mrs. Marie St. Clare, a woman who "never had possessed much capability of affection, or much sensibility" (179), sells Tom further down south to an incredibly cruel man, Simon Legree, who intends to "break [Tom] in" (412). Two girl slaves, Cassy and Emmeline, run away, yet Tom is charged for the deed and receives "the cussedest flogging [Legree] ever gave" (479), which ultimately kills him. Before he dies, George Shelby, the much admired son of Mr. Shelby, comes to buy Tom back, but he is too late as Tom passes away. He then helps Cassy and Emmeline escape to Canada, where they stay with Eliza and George. George Shelby returns to his average sized farm "in the town of P--, in Kentucky" (3) and emancipates all of his slaves in remembrance of Uncle Tom.

Slavery, the pressing issue in almost every aspect of politics and society, clearly affected the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century. The California Gold rush was one of the big effects to the nation's expansion to the west, but the applicable question was whether or not to allow slavery in the new territories (Kennedy 392). Henry Clay, serving as a mediator to please both the pro-slavery South and the Abolitionists of the North, attempted to resolve the states' disputes over slavery by introducing the Compromise of 1850 (397). As for Harriet Beecher Stowe she was "radicalized" (Claybaugh xxiii) by the Compromise of 1850, which meant that she was accepted by society because of her beliefs of antislavery. In favor of the South, slavery was still open to the new territories of New Mexico and Utah, which was to be decided by popular sovereignty, allowing each individual state to vote for or against slavery (Kennedy 397). With considerable Congressional control, southern states criticized the government due to a lack of protection from runaway slaves, which led to the passing of the new Fugitive Slave Act in 1850 (Kennedy 399). Just like George and Eliza Harris, many free men and women fled to Canada, knowing they could not rely on the government to protect them. Meanwhile, in the Deep South, cotton production took a new popular spin. The invention of Eli Whitney's cotton gin in 1793, which proved to be fifty times more efficient than handpicking cotton, led to a higher demand for slaves because more hands were needed in the production of cotton , and by 1850, nearly two-thirds of all slaves were working in the production of cotton (302). As America progressed into the middle of the nineteenth century, the North and South virtually separated down the Mason-Dixon Line, divided between Slave states and Free states. War seemed ineludible as both sides tried drastically to preserve the Union. But, with a final attack from Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, America plummeted into the bloodiest event in all of United States' History, the Civil War.

The American Society during the first half of the nineteenth century demonstrates the diversified relations of the North and the South as the presence of slavery became more difficult to manage in the mid nineteenth century. In the South, highly diversified social classes separated the rich and the poor (351). "In 1850, only 1,733 families owned more than 100 slaves each," and at the top of the aristocracy, the group of wealthy southern plantation owners provided the elite of the "political and social leadership of the section and nation" (351) and the bottom of the social classes consisted of slaves. The rich farmer aristocrats were able to achieve lots of wealth, and could afford to send their children to the top schools in the North, while small farm owners were known to "[labor] callus for callus" (354) in the cotton fields, just as hard as their slaves. Having command of a many helpers in the household gave beloved wives control of the majority of the female slaves, whereas in the North women were generally confined to keeping the family in order