Barbara Kruger: Conceptual Artist

It's the year 1984. As you walk down a crowded New York street, you can't help but stop and stare at the world around you. There's one particular image that stands out to you through. It's a large, black and white poster of a woman looking into a broken mirror. The words "You are not yourself" are written across it in bold cut-out letters. You stop to think to yourself about the possible meanings of this poster. It shows the apparent work of a feminist sowing women's struggle with her own self-image.

Barbara Kruger is an American conceptual artist as well as a transformational leader, states Wikipedia (1). She uses her work to make people think about the serious issues in society today. Her work is in many common places for the view of the public eye. Kruger provokes people with her direct messages and bold images. She has worked in collaboration with other artists as well as galleries and museums. Barbara has also written several books. In her book Remote Control: Power, Culture, and the World of Appearances, she explains how she views art and society. It states that popular culture does not have the ability to do certain things. We must do things for ourselves and not rely on society to do it for us. She has amazing ideas that people should really listen to and take to heart. Society would be better off if we all took a little more time to think about what was going on in the world around us, according to Kruger.

There were many things that happened in Barbara Kruger's early life that led her to where she is today. She was born on January 26, 1945 in Newark, New Jersey. She attended the School of Visual Arts at Syracuse University for one year before moving on to Parson's School of Design in New York. This is where she studied with Diane Arbus and Marvin Israel who introduced her to photography and fashion subcultures. According to Susan Sollins, editor of Art:21, Kruger supported herself by doing graphic design for magazines, book jacket designs, and freelance picture editing (1). After school in 1966, she went to work at a design job at Conde Nast Publications. Barbara worked at Mademoiselle Magazine as an entry-level designer but was quickly promoted to head designer. The Whitney Museum of Art tells how she has worked as a graphic designer, art director, and photo editor in the art departments of House and Garden, Aperture, as well as other periodicals (8). Kruger also has over twelve years of experience as a graphic designer and photo editor. She's worked in numerous fields such as photography, teaching, critical writing, curating, public art projects, and book publishing (7).

In the late 1960's, Barbara Kruger also developed an interest in poetry and attended readings and writings. Her earliest recognizable artworks date back to 1969. She made large woven wall hangings of yarn, beads, sequins, feathers, and ribbons. These pieces show how women brought this type of craft back in this time according to the curators of the Guggenheim Museum (2). In the late 1990's she began to incorporate sculpture into her range of artwork.

Barbara Kruger is internationally renowned for her signature black, white, and red poster-style works of art with instantly identifiable images exploring the dynamics of power identity, sexuality, and representation. The Whitney Museum of American Art quotes Barbara saying, "I work with pictures and words because they have the ability to determine who were are and who we aren't (1)." She conveys direct messages on women's rights and issues of power. She knows how to capture her viewers' attention with her highly recognizable designs. Her style involves cropping of a magazine or newspaper image and then blowing it up in black and white. She then stencils a caption on top of the image. She uses the Futura Bold typeface against black, white, or deep red text bars. The ironic part is that she takes her photographs from various media which usually are trying to sell the very ideas that she is disputing. She layers these found photographs with text that involves the viewer in the struggle for power and control. Her statements are usually declarative or accusatory in town and make use of pronouns such as you, I, we, and they. Several sources, such as Art:21 and Wikipedia, have said that the pronouns "you" and "we" refer to "men" and women." She uses her work to criticize sexism, misogyny, and the circulation of power within cultures. She sticks to the themes of feminism, classicism, consumerism, religion, sexuality, racial and gender stereotypes, corporate greed, and individual autonomy and desire. She also does installations which are comprised of video, film, audio, and/or projections. Her work is influenced by the social life, how we are to one another. Kruger constantly raises questions about values, taste, and the material world. Some of her instantly recognizable slogans read "I shop therefore I am" and "Your body is a battleground."

Kruger won the Golden Lion award for Lifetime Achievement at the 51st Venice Biennale in 2005, according to Wikipedia (5). Her work is in major museums and galleries worldwide. Her major commissions include the park and outdoor amphitheater at the North Carolina Museum of Art in Raleigh, North Carolina, a train station in Strasburg, France, and floor mosaics for the Fisher College of Business at the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio states the Whitney Museum of American Art (7). She's designed and made rooms where the walls, floors, and ceilings are all covered by images and text which completely surround the viewer. Her work has also been sold in many printed forms such as umbrellas, tote bags, postcards, mugs, T-shirts, posters, and so on. She does this to confuse the boundaries between art and commerce. This also calls attention to the role of advertising in public debate claims the Guggenheim Museum (4). Kruger has also been commissioned to design covers for numerous magazines, from Esquire to the New York Times Book Review says the Whitney Museum of Art. She designed the Backdrop for the Rage Against the Machine tour in 1997 (8).

Ms. Kruger has edited books on cultural theory. She has published articles in the New York Times, Art Forum, and other periodicals. Monographs on her work include Love for Sale, We Won't Play Nature to Your Culture, and others. The Whitney Museum of Art lists the many major museum collections Kruger is represented in, including The Museum of Modern Art, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago, the St. Louis Art Museum, the Milwaukee Art Museum, and the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles (8).She has taught at the California Institute of Art, the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, and the University of California lists Art:21 (1).