Behavior

A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE ON ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUG USE

DURING ADOLESCENCE AND THE TRANSITION TO YOUNG ADULTHOOD

Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper 51

John Schulenberg

Jennifer L. Maggs1

Institute for Social Research

University of Michigan

Ann Arbor

2001

1 University of Arizona

Occasional Paper No. 51

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Developmental Perspective on Drug Use

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Tables and Figures ......................................................................................................... v

Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................... vi

Abstract ..................................................................................................................................vii

Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1

A Developmental Perspective on Adolescence and Young Adulthood .................................... 3

Historical Perspective on Adolescent Development ..................................................... 3

Developmental Conceptualizations............................................................................... 4

A Developmental Perspective on the Etiology of Substance Use During

Adolescence and Young Adulthood.......................................................................................... 5

Courses of Heavy Drinking........................................................................................... 5

Risk Factors for and Protective Factors Against Substance Use From a

Developmental Perspective ........................................................................................... 7

Relationship Between Risk and Protective Factors................................................. 8

Equifinality and Multifinality.................................................................................. 8

Robustness and Continuity of Risk and Protective Factors .................................... 9

Developmental Transitions and Substance Use During Adolescence and Young

Adulthood............................................................................................................................... 10

Defining and Conceptualizing Developmental Transitions ........................................ 11

Developmental Transitions, Tasks, and Trajectories ............................................ 11

Discontinuity and Continuity ................................................................................ 12

Distal and Proximal Developmental Influences.................................................... 13

Conceptual Models Relating Developmental Transitions to Substance Use .............. 13

Overload Model..................................................................................................... 13

Developmental Mismatch Model .......................................................................... 14

Increased Heterogeneity Model............................................................................. 15

Transition Catalyst Model ..................................................................................... 16

Heightened Vulnerability to Chance Events Model.............................................. 16

Summary ............................................................................................................... 17

Fundamental Biological and Cognitive Changes ........................................................ 18

Pubertal/Physical Development ............................................................................ 18

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Physical Changes............................................................................................. 18

Looking (and Desiring to Be) Older................................................................ 19

Cognitive and Moral Development ....................................................................... 19

Normative Changes ......................................................................................... 19

Invincible and Invulnerable? ........................................................................... 20

Age-Related Changes in Alcohol Outcome Expectancies .............................. 20

Identification of Adult Hypocrisy ................................................................... 21

Identity Domain Transitions........................................................................................ 21

Affiliation Domain Transitions ................................................................................... 22

Family of Origin.................................................................................................... 22

Relationships with Parents ..............................................................................