Bio Review for Test

REVIEW for TEST 4

• Humans are bulk eaters
• Fluid feeder -> an animal that sucks nutritious fluids from its food source
• Substrate feeder -> an animal that lives on and eats its way through its food source
• Peristalsis -> smooth muscle contractions that move food along the digestive tract
• Sphincters -> small circular muscles that help regulate the flow of food out of the stomach
• Chime -> mixture of food, mucous, and other stomach fluids
• Amylase -> starch-digesting enzyme from saliva
• Epiglottis -> flap of tissue that covers the trachea when food is being swallowed
• Parietal cells -> stomach cells that produce hydrogen and chloride ions
• Chief cells -> stomach cells that secrete pepsinogen
• Bacteria is the cause of most stomach ulcers
• The approximate pH of the stomach is 2
• Microvilli -> surface projections on intestinal epithelial cells
• Bile salts aid in the digestion of fats
• The liver converts glucose to glycogen after a meal
• Colon is important for water reabsorption in the digestive tract
• Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli in human lungs
• Diaphragm is the thin muscle involved in breathing
• Pharynx -> part of both the digestive and respiratory tracts
• Humans breathe by negative pressure breathing
• Hemoglobin -> oxygen-carrying molecule
• Blood from head and arms flows through the superior vena cava
• Blood from lower trunk and legs flows through the inferior vena cava back to the heart
• Blood moves from heart to lungs via the pulmonary artery
• Blood moves from the lungs to the heart through the pulmonary vein
• AV node -> our natural peacemaker
• Innate immunity -> immune system that include barriers such as skin and mucus
• Interferon -> molecule secreted by virus infected cells to warn other cells
• Inflammatory response includes heat, swelling, pain, and redness
• Antigen -> any molecule that can elicit an immune response
• Complement system -> a group of proteins that when activated work together for the immune system
• Active immunity -> immunity obtained from a vaccine or an infection
• Passive immunity -> immunity obtained from injection of antibodies or through breast milk
• Humoral immune response -> immunity by B cells (antibodies)
• Cellular immune response -> immunity by T cells
• Plasma cells are effector B cells
• Primary immune response -> response after 1st exposure to antigen
• Secondary immune response -> response after 2nd or more exposure to antigen
• Agglutination -> antibodies stick together to make a big glob
• Precipitation -> antibodies stick dissolved antigens together to make them precipitate
• Endotherm -> animal that heats itself with metabolism
• Ectotherm -> animal that use ambient temps to regulate its body temp
• Evaporative cooling -> cooling by evaporation of liquids off of skin (sweating)
• Conduction -> heating by direct contact with the heat source
• Convection -> heating by air or water going across body surface
• Ammonia -> nitrogen waste product that is most toxic. Fish and other aquatic animals use this method
• Urea -> less toxic nitrogen waste product. Humans use this method
• Uric acid -> nitrogen waste product that is good for water conservation but its more expensive to make
• Nephron -> functional unit of kidney
• Glomerulus -> filter of the kidney
• Bowman’s capsule -> where you find the glomerulus
• Helper T cells -> T cells that help both the humoral response and the cellular response
• Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels
• Arteries -> blood vessels that take blood away from the heart
• Veins -> blood vessels that have valves
• Blood pressure -> pressure blood exerts on vessel walls
• Hypertension -> blood pressure over 140/90
• Plasma is the liquid portion of blood
• Fibrinogen -> plasma protein involved in clotting
• Erythrocytes -> red blood cells
• Leukocytes -> white blood cells
• Platelets -> cellular portion of blood involved in blood clotting
• Natural killer cells -> attack virus-infected cells and cancer cells
• Macrophages -> large cells of the immune system that engulf bacteria and other foreign molecules
• Lymph node -> a collection of lymphoid tissue along the lymphatic system where lymphocytes hang out
• Mast cells -> cells that release histamine during an allergic reaction
• IgE antibodies -> antibodies specific to allergic reactions
• Surfactants -> special secretions that help keep alveoli open