Caravaggio Vs. The Camera Obscura

July 18, 1610: Porto Ercole, Italy. The ports and city on the northeastern shore of the Tuscan city remained under Spanish jurisdiction. Two days prior, a man whom resembled a Spanish outlaw, was arrested and imprisoned upon arrival in the port. Authorities were unable to identify the man's true identity because his real identity was also that of a convicted outlaw, Michelangelo Merisi. Some time before he was released from the jail, Merisi contracted malaria and it would claim his life on this day. Merisi, known throughout Europe as simply "Caravaggio" (after the city he was from), was not just a murderer on the run; Caravaggio was a famous artist, made infamously popular by his paintings of graphic and sometimes violent biblical scenes. Even today artists, historians, and students marvel at the expression and realism Caravaggio maintained throughout his master works (6). In 1891, historians and artists began to investigate the possibility that many Renaissance painters traced their masterpieces with the help of a camera obscura. Today they are still finding evidence that questions the talent of some of history's most astounding masters (10). But could Caravaggio have really forged his entire career; or are the mistakes made by the "masters of tracing" being wrongfully assigned to the real innovators of art?

First, let's understand what exactly a camera obscura really is. As defined in Marilyn Stokstad's Art History, the camera obscura is an early developed camera-like device used mostly in the Renaissance. Later it would be used widely for recording images from nature. Construction and operation of the camera was fairly simple: beginning with a dark room or box, a hole would allow light in from one side of the room. The camera then operates by flashing a bright light through the opening (and occasionally passing through a lens). An inverted image of an object from outside of the camera would then be cast onto the inside wall of the box or room allowing the operator to duplicate the exact image being projected (11). Although there are no specific documents confirming or disconfirming that Caravaggio traced images from the camera for use in his master works, historians and artists of the present have found disputable evidence that the great masters of the Italian Reniassance may have in deed utilized convex lens technology. (10.)

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The painting above, Officer and Laughing Girl, was started by Johannes Vermeer in 1658 and finished by 1660 (13). As a master painter of his time and a popularly commissioned artist Vermeer was praised for his precise attention to detail and form. Some believe a little too precise. Although history does not provide us with proof that Vermeer used the camera obscura, many artists and art historians have suggested its use. The "photographic perspective" and its geometrically perfect features given to the painting's details have convinced a great deal of art enthusiasts. American artists Joseph Pennell was one of the first to begin exploring the possible use of the camera in Vermeer's paintings. The graphic artist calculated the angles of the actual setting in 1891 which proved in a few different ways exactly how picture perfect the painting was (10).

In modern photographs the foreground of the chosen setting will appear closest to the viewer when in focus. The shoulder of the man is showing just that. In comparison to the head of the girl, it is clear the lens was in focus on the closest subject. But even in the background the maps tell the same story. An art historian named James Welu investigated the maps and globes of Vermeer that can be found throughout the world preserved by museums. The map of shown here is of Holland, and shows Vermeer had painted every last detail in his work exact to the map he owned (10).

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Similar geometric details have been argued about the painting to the left, The Aronlfini Portrait, done by Jan Van Eyck in 1434 (12). It has been suggested Van Eyck used the camera in a great deal of his work. In The Arnolfini Portrait many historians and critics believe the artist is exposing himself to the viewer by painting the details within and around the mirror on the back wall of the room. By showing himself and another witness in close detail it's been said Van Eyck is hinting the camera's use by showing the reflected image within the convex mirror inside of the painting (10).

Renowned artist David Hockney deconstructed the chandelier pictured in the Arnolfini Portrait. When taken from a photographic perspective the chandelier is one hundred percent geometrically correct. If compared to the perspective learned through the artists' perspective, the chandelier would have been painted in an extremely different perspective (10). But, no proof that obvious has been found in any of the paintings created by Caravaggio.

During the time that Caravaggio apprenticed with other painters, the Baroque period of art and style was influencing most parts of Europe. On top of that, Lombardy and other areas of Italy were beginning to make tenebrous painting more and more popular (7). By definition in the Stokstad text, tenebrism is the strong use of chiaroscuro and artificially illuminated areas of scenes to create a dramatic contrast in the light and dark areas within a painting (11). Chiaroscuro technique is defined as the Italian word used to designate the contrasting of light and dark values within a painting, drawing, or print. Chiaroscuro technique creates space, depth, and volumetric forms through gradations in shadows and intensities in light (11). Some believe Caravaggio is the genius behind the chiaroscuro technique (6). He influenced, and continues to influence artists painting styles; including Artemisia Gentileschi whose paintings like Judith and her Maidservant, can still be mistaken as works of Caravaggio to uneducated viewers today (2).

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In The Taking of Christ, painted by Caravaggio in 1602, the application of the chiaroscuro technique shows