Chapter 13 McKay

In what ways was Martin Luther a forward-looking reformer? In what ways was he a backward-looking conservative?

Forward thinking: Martin Luther believed that painting and sculpture had value in spreading the Gospel message because “children and simple folk are more apt to retain the divine stories when taught by pictures and parables than merely by words or instruction.”

How he was a backward looking conservative was that he wanted a return to the spirit of the early church, the centrality of the Scriptures in the liturgy and in Christian life, and the abolition of elaborate ceremonies.

In the early sixteenth century, court records, bishops’ visitations of parishes, and popular songs and printed images show widespread anticlericalism. The critics concentrated mostly on three problems: clerical immorality, clerical ignorance, and clerical pluralism(holding more than one church office at a time), with the related problem of absenteeism.

Martin Luther propelled a wave of movement that we now call reformation.

1516-Reform the corruption

1517-indulgence

1521-Entirely new theology/priesthood of all believers. Faith alone(what you do does not matter, it is what you believe in and your faith that matters), grace alone(only god can take you to heaven), scripture alone(no priest teachings)

Indulgence- A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.

Luther’s theology: the importance of faith, the relationship between Christian faith and good works, the dual nature of human beings, and the fundamental importance of scripture. Luther writes that Christians were freed from sin and death through Christ, not through their own actions. He says all you need to do is believe in god.

Luther says that the pope is wrong. But the pope can’t be wrong. Luther attacks the pope.

Belief/Life

One thing, and one alone, is necessary for life, justification, and Christian liberty

Protestant-The name originally given to followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian Groups.

Protestant saw marriage as a contract in which each partner promised the other support, companionship, and the sharing of mutual goods.

State increased their power through war, diplomacy and Marriage.

Luther’s appeal to national feeling influenced many rulers.

The Spanish Armada-The fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it.

Calvanism

John Calvin believed that God had specifically selected him to reform the church.

He wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion, which is his formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.

He believed in the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and the total weakness of humanity.

Predestination The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.

God is omniscient.

His city was Geneva, which became the model for a protestant city.

The Council of Trent laid a solid basis for the spiritual renewal of the church.

Ignatius Loyola made the Spiritual Exercises (1548)

Jesuits members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic Faith.

The marriage of Margaret of Valois to the Protestant Henry of Navarre caused massacres of huguenots during the wedding. Henry escapes but his whole family was killed, he then converts to Catholicism.This caused a civil war that lasted for 15 years, this hit France hard. What saved France was a group of people called politiques, who were Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

Henry of Navarre—became Henry IV and he was willing to sacrifice religious principles, he issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.

Iconoclasm, the destruction of religious images happened a lot in the Netherlands.

State building:

Limit the power of the nobility

Limit the power of the church

Rally around a unifying religion

Institute direct taxation

Replace nobles with professional bureaucrats and ministers

Extend royal authority away from the capital

Phillip II is son of Charles V

Charles V grew up in Netherlands but Phillip II grew up in Spain

Valois

Done:

Conquered