Conflict In Mindanao

The Origin of Conflict in Mindanao and the Role of the Moro National Liberation Front

Ever since the Philippines were first colonized by Spain over 400 years ago, the Manila government has struggled to mesh the Muslim population of Mindanao with the rest of the predominantly Catholic nation. The large number of violent separatist groups operating in Mindanao has been the primary factor in the long raging conflict. The leading revolutionary group, who also facilitated the creation of splinter groups, is the Moro National Liberation Front, or the MNLF as it is commonly called. Two of the more notorious of these splinter groups are the radically violent Abu Sayyaf, and another particularly aggressive group called the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, or MILF. These Muslim factions have proven to be extremely hardy, after 300 years of testing the Spanish and United States mettle.

Throughout their respective articles, "The Continuation of Civil Unrest and Poverty in Mindanao" and "Peace and Conflict in the Southern Philippines: Why the 1996 Peace Agreement is Fragile", Ringuet and Bertrand analyze similar concepts as they examine the deep rooted aggressions of the Mindanao based revolutionary groups. Although there are numerous reasons for this tension, the ones that are most responsible are the many internal conflicts that the Philippines have suffered. The declaration of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos in 1972 greatly exacerbated these issues. Marcos believed that if his military was not dealing with external threats, it should be used to work on the interior problems of the developing country. Marcos used this philosophy to keep himself in power, after his constitutional term ended. The Armed Forces of the Philippines became a dominant and corrupt force. This conflict has left approximately 120,000 dead since the 1970's, and greatly stunted the economic growth of one of the country's poorest areas. An estimated 700,000 people have been displaced during the ongoing fighting between the MNLF and the Philippines military.

In the first part of this paper, I will discuss the major causes of the armed Muslim struggle. Ringuet says there were four factors responsible for the many uprisings and movements in the Philippines during the first forty years of the twentieth century (34). These four issues were: 1. the arrival of American colonialism, 2.religious beliefs, 3. government policies that consisted of theories of action used in relation to the Muslim problem, 4. and the local rivalries and persisting feuds found in the Muslim societies involving families or clans (Ringuet 34).

American colonialism is a system of control which reduced traditional leaders to virtual powerlessness (Ringuet 34). Ringuet says, "With the arrival of the United States in 1898, the history of the Philippines began to be reshaped, particularly in the southern islands, as the Moros (Muslims) tried to reassert their ownership or rights to Mindanao" (34). The Moros found they could not match the Americans in battles on the seas, as they realized that gunboats were more effective (Ringuet 34). Because of this, the clashes became much more severe during land based encounters between the Muslims and the U.S. military (Ringuet 34). This battle to combat the American invaders and protect their land and right to self-rule, only served to propel the next issue of religion.

The Muslims of the southern colonies have been fighting to protect their territory and religious identity against the intrusion of foreign powers, since they were colonized by the Spanish (Bertrand 41). Bertrand says the Muslims fiercely resisted the attempts by the Spanish to christianize them, and the Philippine attempts to mainstream them into the national life (41). Bertrand also states that the Philippine government further alienated the Moros by resettling Christian Filipinos from the north into Mindanao (41). Additionally, "American militarism in Mindanao, therefore, developed a type of elitism that challenged or even threatened the Muslim warrior's code of honor (Ringuet 36). We will now take a look at the feuds found in the Muslim society, before concentrating on the fourth, major reason for the escalation of violence and recent increased instability, the enactment of government policies directly affecting the Muslims.

The major problems underlying the conflicts in Mindanao are mainly associated with the high levels of poverty, among the Muslims and the Lumads. In order to understand these factors behind the internal conflicts, it is important to examine the communities involved (Ringuet 37). Ringuet has divided them into categories: intra-community conflicts and inter-community conflicts (37). He says the bigger problem is the inter-community conflicts, the groups who see themselves as distinct ethnic, clan, and religious entities (37).

The most dangerous cause of this conflict is the actions of the government. "The modern movement for Muslim separatism originated among a small set of Philippine Muslim students and intellectuals in the late 1960's" (Ringuet 37). Ringuet says it gained enormous support after two incidents (37). The first of these incidents was the Corregidor Massacre of Muslim military trainees known as Jabibah forces, by the Filipino military (Ringuet 37). He states this event was followed by a plethora of demonstrations and demands for an explanation by the Philippine government (37). Secondly, he says the Mindanao Crisis, from 1971-1972, which refers to a time of extreme tension, insecurity, and fear, brought about social, economic, and political problems , and inadvertently produced an armed secessionist front, or the MNLF (37). "The situation was precipitated by a series of circumstances, problems, incidents, and violence in Muslim areas as well as in the Christian communities Lanao, Cotabato, Zamboanga, Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi" (Ringuet 37). Ringuet states that Ferdinand Marcos worsened the situation when he instituted martial law in order to stay in office (37). He explains that for the MNLF, martial law offered a threat to the Moro way of life (37). "To protect their community, they engaged the AFP in a bloody war that commenced soon after martial law was declared" (Ringuet 37).

In 1996, the MNLF and the government of the Philippines finally came to agree on a new peace accord. The new peace agreement was the final disposition on the original Tripoli agreement of 1976. "The Tripoli agreement marked the first step in negotiations between MNLF rebels and the Philippine government" (Bertrand 38). Bertrand states that the Filipino government met with the MNLF in Tripoli, under the auspices of the OIC, or Organization of the Islamic Conference (38). He also says that an official agreement was reached on 23 December