Gay Rights

4.1 Part 1

5. A. The reference class is German shepherd, because it is what the individual is relying on. The attribute class is Easy to train.

B. This arguments strength lies in the fact that its premise is true, therefore, its conclusion is very close to 100 percent true. This argument also passes the rule of total evidence.

7.

3 percent of cigarette smokers actually die from lung cancer

I smoke

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My smoking won't result in my death from lung cancer.

A. The reference class for this argument is smoking. The attribute class is lung cancer. This argument does not pass the rule of total evidence, because we are not fully informed of what else could cause "him" to actually die from lung cancer. For example we don't know of his family history, etc.

PART 2

3. Hardly any Independents receive enough votes to win.

A candidate is considering running as an independent.

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The candidate will not win.

The statistical premise which refers to a particular individual and the conclusion is "Hardly any Independents receive enough votes to win. Because the candidate is considering running as an independent he should take not of the fact that hardly any independents receive enough votes to win, therefore this candidate should not run as an independent, because he will not win.

5. More than two-thirds of the students who enter your college earn their degrees

You are enrolled in your college coverage by this fact

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So do not bother studying for your finals tonight; come to the party with us.

The statistical syllogism within the argument is that more than two-thirds of the students who enter this particular college earn their degrees, therefore your almost guaranteed to come out with a degree so there is no bother studying. However wrong this argument it, it is a statistical syllogism none-the-less. The conclusion here is therefore simply an implication for no studying.

4.2

3. The fallacy that we see in this question has to do with the fact that this is relevant if we are one of the few people that do not know that the Heisman trophy winner is one of the best players in football, and will most likely go to the NFL and be a great player. This is the fallacy of this argument.

5. The fallacy of this argument has to do with the fact that typically when husbands die widows do find themselves unable to maintain the standard of living that they had when their husbands were alive, however we know the lexical definition of the word heir and clearly this widow will not have problems sustaining her way of life.

4.3

3. It is difficult to construct an argument from authority for a "best" treatment for prostate cancer simply because in these premises there are three different appropriate arguments from authority. Also there was not a specified cancer, there was a mentioned cancer, but there was nothing specified. So we need more information in order to rule out that this argument is not fallacious.

4.4 Part one

Opinion polls show that only about 24 percent of the adult population believe that smoking causes them to have serious health problems.

While the surgeon general warns of the dangers of cigarette smoking, chances are that he believes that my smoking is unlikely to cause me any serious health problems.

This is an incorrect inductive form. An inductive argument doesn't always mean that it is a close cousin to a deductive argument. In this case we are dealing with belief versus fact. The conclusion is based off opinion which has no medical basis what-so-ever. It is a fallacious argument.

11. Miss Manners says the socially correct things for a vegetarian guest to do at a dinner party is to be perfectly happy eating salad, bread, and any vegetable, Therefore, the behavior she describes Is the socially correct thing to do. This is not a fallacious argument, however there is some background information that we are missing. It is probably the case that Miss Manners is some expert on manner, perhaps on a TV show, or writer of a column somewhere. However we do not know this so it is impossible to identify the validity of this argument. We will assume that this argument from authority is backed up by the fact that miss manners has some sort of factual knowledge.

Part Three:

Written in standard for the argument would look as such:

Most linguists listen to a consensus to determine how a work is pronounced.

Most linguists believe the word otiose is pronounced O-shi-os.

Most people would say the word otiose is pronounced O-shi-os.

This is an argument from consensus; however it is also an argument from authority. It is inductive reasoning, because it is not 100% certainty. It is a consensus, or percentage of people who agree.

4.5

15.

High Civilized folk believed that slavery was a normal human institution.

Thomas Jefferson Had Slaves

High Civilized people believe that Abortion is a normal institution

Certain people have abortions.

People would associate themselves with Thomas Jefferson.

People would associate themselves with those who have abortions.

This was very confusing to write a standard form of however the basic argument is that simply because something