Gulliver's Travels: Satire's Paradise

An Irish bishop was forced by Jonathan Swift to say that Gulliver's Travels, "was full of improbable lies, and for his part he hardly believed a word of it." (Brady 1) In a way the bishop was correct as six-inch people, giants, immortal humans, intelligent horses, and deformed creatures, all races presented in Swift's novel, don't exist. Gulliver's Travels, by far, was the most popular, influential, and controversial novel. For nearly three centuries, authors, professors, and critics have tried to fully decipher the purpose and meaning of his farfetched characters. A common conflict many critics arise at when researching or reading Gulliver's Travels is whether to identify it as a novel or a satire. (Knowles 3) The details and characters of the literature can be argued in either way. Whatever the identity of the work, Gulliver's Travels proved to be influential and controversial to the degree that within two weeks of its publication not only did it become, "'the conversation of the whole town," but was also sold out. (Downie 262)

Before any more is mentioned about the influence or aspects of this literature, it is first important to fully comprehend the meaning of satire with which Gulliver Travels is identified many times. Satire is the use of wit to depict idiocy, flaws, and illogicality. Inversely, it is a type of condemnation, which uses jesting to formulate its position; hence satire is essentially directed critical of fault, particularly those submitted as levelheaded scheme. Also, satire is frequently aimed at against those in authority, headship, or influence. It generally uses circuitous forms of joking, such as irony, exaggeration, and parody, to make its statements; troubles are tackled implicitly; for example, admiring that which merits criticism or taking a dreadful or feeble proposal to its bizarre conclusion. (Jaffebros)

Written in a first person narrative of Lemuel Gulliver, the story and characteristics of Gulliver's Travels can easily be combined into numerous areas. "Gulliver's Travels is a carefully calculated synthesis of many kinds of literature, including genuine accounts of travel, imaginative combinations of realism and fantasy, outright fantasy voyages, and utopian and anti-utopian fables, which can idealize or satirize society or, indeed, do both." For centuries, critics have debated on the representation of the characters and locations that Swift uses. The journey of Gulliver from location to location depicts his (Gulliver) travel and adventures that he experiences. The modern interpreters of Swift's work have concluded that Swift uses Gulliver to express his beliefs and concerns about numerous issues. "According to Deane Swift (Jonathan's cousin), the book was a 'direct, plain and bitter satire against the innumerable follies and corruptions in law, politicks, learning, morals, and religion.'" (Downie 264)

Not only are the works, but also the beliefs of Jonathan Swift are in great controversy. Forming his beliefs around the religious philosophies of the seventeenth century comparable to the eighteenth century in which he lived in. Swift believed, unlike many intellects in his time period, in the "imperfect nature of human beings." (LC-1 422) Unlike others, he did not believe that the human were born innocent and "good" but become corrupted by the society. Critics in the eighteenth and nineteenth century often attacked him because of his deviating beliefs and labeled him as a "misanthropic." (LC-1 422) In Gulliver's Travels, Swift attempts to take away man of his airs, displaying the huge difference among real and epitome, among "how things are and how they should be." (Downie 266) However, critics try to use the background beliefs and history of Swift to interpret the meaning of various aspects in his novels, especially Gulliver's Travels.

To understand a book, it is first important to understand the background and beliefs of the author. Jonathan Swift was born in Ireland in 1667, but spent most of his life in England working with the British government. "During this time he witnessed corruption, waste, and fierce power struggles between rival political parties and religious factions." (Literature and Its Time (LIT) 129) After returning to Ireland, Swift saw the, "ill effects of Britain's social and economic policies on the Irish people," and became one of the leading activists for Irish independence. (LIT 129) After witnessing such filth in Ireland and in the English government, in a satire, Swift began to express his thoughts. He exposed, in a hidden way, his hatred towards England's war with France, the fight for power between the two political parties of Tories and Whigs, the corruption in the British government, the fallacies in George II, and his enmity towards William Walpole. The response to this novel was remarkable as the book sold all of its copy within a week and gained great interest from many groups of people. Children still love the adventurous tale of Lemuel Gulliver, while the more intellectual adults find the satire presented in the novel very amusing.

Swift had many influences that led the way for the writing and publishing of Gulliver's Travels. One of Swift's best friends, the poet Alexander Pope, had the greatest contribution to the success of Swift's career. After the two joined hands and began formed the Sciberlus Club, Swift gained and shared great knowledge with many respected writers. Writers, such as John Gay, John Arbuthnot, and Thomas Parnell were also members of the club, who satirized the abuses of learning, government, certain social classes, and the human nature in general. After recognizing the talents and writing of Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope helped him publish the novel and for the first and last time, he obtained money for his writing. Many critics have now also concluded that, "Swift's satiric bias against the modern world is illustrated most clearly in an idea cluster borrowed from Sir William Temple. Although Swift's regard for Temple has been recently been questioned, there seems no doubt that Temple's love of ancient learning and suspicion of things modern was shared by his young secretary." (Guilhamet 161)

Written in the structure of a travel tale in a journal, Gulliver's Travel, is the imaginary description of four bizarre voyages completed by Lemuel Gulliver, a physician who authorizes onto provide as a ship's surgeon when he is incapable to present his family with adequate proceeds in London. (LC-42 290) The book initiates with a brief preface where Lemuel Gulliver, the protagonist, common to that time period, gives a concise introduction, history, and background of himself and his former voyages and