Harvard Referencing

REFERENCING - The Harvard System

Referencing is used to acknowledge the fact that you referred to the work of others in doing your research.

There are many methods that could be used to reference your work. This handout will concentrate on the Harvard System or Author-date system.

EXAMPLE: If want to refer to the views of John Smith published in 1998 that the fall of in interest rates in the latter months of 1997 was result of pressure

being applied by the government on the Central prior to the national election.

In-text Citations

How should different types of references to the work of others be acknowledged?

1. Paraphrase - referring to the work of others in your own words.

The example above.

2. Quotation - repeating in your work the exact words of others.

Note: It is not good academic procedure to copy complete sections from a book into your research work. You should paraphrase the section being referenced and give acknowledgement in due course.

3. Two Authors Acknowledged - you need to give the names of both authors in the order given in the original book.

4. More than Two Authors Acknowledged - you should include the names of all the authors in the order they are given in the original book or article. If

subsequent references are made to the same work then it is only necessary to

list the name of the first author followed by et al in all later references.

5. References to Two or More Works of the Same Author - Sometimes you want to refer to two or more different pieces of work by the same author.

The Harvard System states that each work is separately identified by the Author and Date.

6. Several References Cited at the Same Time - refer to the work of a number of authors at the same time their names are listed in alphabetical order separated by semi-colons

7. No Originator вЂ"

"Anon" should be used:-

A recent article (Anon 1993) stated that...

However, if it is a reference to newspapers where no author is given the name of the paper can be used in place of author or Anon whichever seems most helpful. You will need to use the same style in the reference list so the name of the newspaper may be more helpful.

e.g. The Times (1996) stated that....

8. Source quoted in another work you cite both in

the text:-

A study by Smith (1960 cited Jones 1994 p.24) showed that...

(You need to list the work you have used, i.e. Jones, in the main

bibliography.)

9. Diagrams:-

Diagrams should be referenced as though they were a quotation

with the author and date given alongside and full details in the list

of references.

Reference List

A list of references contains details only of those works cited in the text. If relevant sources that are not cited in the text are included, the list is called a bibliography.

It is indented, as shown below, to highlight the alphabetical order.

The order of the information provided for each reference depends on the nature of the document

a. Nature of document

i. Book: author, date, title(Italics, underlined or highlighted), edition, publisher, place of publication

ii. Chapter in a Book: author, date, "Chapter Title"(inverted commas), in Book Title(Italics, underlined or highlighted), edition,

editors, publisher, place of publication

iii. Article in Journal/Newspaper: author date, "title of article"(inverted ommas), journal title(Italics, underlined or highlighted), volume and issue number(or identification), page number/s

• using the format outlined above, the references are arranged in alphabetical

order. If there is more than one reference for the same author they are listed

in the order of publication

Duncan, William. 1994, Studies of the Borneo Diyak People, Sabah Printing House, Kuching

Oxford, Andrew 1998, "Why Business Systems Fail" in Advances in Business Systems, 2nd edition, ed. P. Saunders, McGraw-Hill, Sydney

Smith, John 1998, "The impact of government policy on interest rates", Journal of Financial Markets, vol 10, no 2, pp 20-27

Bibliography(optional)

• includes works that are cited in the Reference List plus other sources that

might not be cited in your work. For example, it might include suggestions for further reading.

Citing individual works/pages - World Wide Web

a. References/Bibliography

References to electronic sources follow the same general pattern as for non-electronic sources. Items from the Internet also use the URL (Internet address). The URL should only be split after a forward slash, no further punctuation should be added, and the case of the characters must not be altered. The examples given use the Harvard System, however these basic rules may be customised for any standard citation style.

 Individual works

What is needed?