Identifying The Real Robin Hood

Stories of brave outlaws who fought against tyranny and injustice appear regularly in human history. One famous outlaw who has survived the test of time is Robin Hood. Stories of him "robbing from the rich and giving to the poor" have made Robin a hero to numerous readers. He is understood by most to have been an outlaw of the Middle Ages who lived in Sherwood Forest with his Merry Men and served the poor. These legends are nice to hear, but how much of these stories are true? The society of the Middle Ages created outlaws who lived in the forest with gangs and robbed helpless travelers. These outlaws often hid in the king's hunting grounds where they knew the woods would be safe because the king visited the woods rarely and travelers were forbidden to wander into them. Around this time the famed character Robin Hood emerged, however, his real identity is still uncertain. Historical records show many outlaws with names similar to "Robin Hood", and any of them could have been the basis for the tale. Censuses show outlaws named "Robyn Hood", "Robin Hode", and many other phonetically similar sounding names but evidence does not prove any of them to be the notorious "Robin Hood." Even the literature of Robin Hood contradicts itself as to where and when Robin Hood lived. Many stories have Robin living in Sherwood Forest, but they vary as to what king was in power. Other tales have him living in other parts of England spread out over hundreds of years. No hard evidence exists to declare any of these stories to be accurate. Because of the culture of the Middle Ages and the contradictory evidence in the historical documents and in literary citing, it is difficult to determine who the "real" Robin Hood was.

The Middle Ages was an era when kings ruled the lands with knights and armies. The kings were all powerful and could make life as miserable or as pleasant for their kingdom as they saw fit. Kings had their castles and all the luxuries that came with them, and they also made use of the land within their kingdom. "The forest in the Middle Ages included very extensive areas of cultivated land as well as wood and waste land. They were the private preserve of the king and his officers, and were protected by a harsh series of forest laws" (Ibeji). These laws limited where common folk could go inside the forest and what areas could be used for lumber. The king set these laws so that travelers going down forest roads would not wander into his hunting grounds.

Forest law was extremely unpopular, among all sections of society, but it achieved its

purpose of retaining vast areas of semi-wild landscape over which the king and his court

could hunt. Yet the very wildness of the land made it a perfect place for fugitives to hide

out, and this is why areas such as Sherwood Forest and Barnsdale feature so prominently

in outlaw legend (Ibeji).

It is plausible that Robin Hood was outlawed from the kingdom and sought refuge in these forests like many other outlaws did. These outlaws made their living targeting travelers riding down the Great North Road that cut through both Sherwood Forest and Barnsdale Forest. This was common practice for outlaws as well as for victims of tyranny in the Middle Ages. These outlaws created communities in the forest and relied on each other to survive. This is why Robin Hood is often referred to as robbing from the rich and giving to the poor. Robin Hood became popular because "those who put themselves outside the law had become popular heroes" (Ibeji). Robin became popular because people knew that living in the woods was a very crafty thief who robbed from wealthy travelers and gave to his small community of outlaws who had no other way to survive. "People in Robin's time saw the forest as a dangerous place and traveled mostly in large groups for fear of ambush and theft. To Robin and the outlaws, Sherwood Forest was a place of safety from the Sheriff's men" (Real Robin Hood) Because the culture of the Middle Ages forced outlaws to hide in the king's forests to survive, it is possible the famous, real, Robin Hood lived there as well, if indeed there actually was one Robin Hood. "...[Y]ou become Robin Hood when you're an outlaw, and live in the forest shooting the king's deer" (Real Robin Hood)

To begin to attempt to uncover the mystery behind who the real Robin Hood was one must search the historical documentations of life in the Middle Ages for any references to Robin or events surrounding him. As easy as this may sound, upon doing the research several complications will emerge. One complication is that "[f]or centuries chroniclers wrote about when Robin Hood lived... [h]owever, their dates conflicted each other..." (Real Robin Hood). The earliest date associated with Robin Hood is 1193, according to John Major, a historian writing in 1521. John Major constructed a timeline for Robin's life that goes as follows: "Robin active in the 1190s, an outlaw by 1225, dead by 1247, and a legend by 1261" (Ibjei). Other historians recorded Robin living in Sherwood Forest around 1283, others around 1266 (Ibjei). Another complication is that many historical documents have many outlaws with names very similar to Robin Hood such as Robyn Hood and Robert Hod. "Robin...is one of the most common medieval names. Hood is not an uncommon last name, especially in Yorkshire, where many Robin Hood stories are set" (Real Robin Hood). It is also plausible that the legend of Robin Hood derived from the actions of several outlaws with similar names that were just confused and combined over time. One of the possible stories is that of Robert Hood. Court records have him being born in 1290. Around 1322 Robert was working for Thomas, Earl of Lancaster. At this time King Edward II was in power and many saw him unfit to rule. Thomas took action against the king and led his followers in a revolt. Shortly after the revolt was crushed, Thomas was beheaded for treason and his men were all outlawed. Robert found refuge near Sherwood Forest and began hunting the king's deer. From then on Robert led a very, Robin Hood like life, living in the forest with his fellow outlaws (Wilcox). It is very easy to see how historians might have construed Robert Hood to be Robin Hood. Other information that proves that it is possible that Robin Hood was a combination of many outlaws is that for centuries after outlaws used the pseudonym "Robin Hood" to mask their real