Italian Immigrants

The United States has long been known as the melting pot of the world. Many nationalities have influenced the United States. The Italian Americans are no exception. The Italians came to America to work hard with humble beginnings, to find food and get some kind of financial security. They came for the "American Dream". "They were told that they would find streets paved with gold, only to arrive and realize they had to dig the streets" (Nigro pg 1). But once they arrived they were greeted with great dislike. In a lot for cases they fell into worse conditions than they had left.

In the early 1800's, there were not very many Italians immigrating to the United States, but at the same time Italy was becoming very overcrowded. America was becoming known as "the land of opportunity". "So by 1930, more than 4.5 million Italians had entered the United States" (Nigro pg 10). As more and more Italians immigrated to the United States, the hostility and displeasure towards them grew greater. People began to become xenophobic which is the hatred or fear of strangers or foreigners. So congress began to pas legislation that restricted immigration and set up quotas. "The first legislation passed reduced the number of immigrants to 3% of the total population in the country." Congress also passed the National Origins Act of 1924, commonly know as the Johnson Act, which restricted immigration to 2% of the total population," (Ludwig pg 1). At around the same time the labor, temperance and reactionary movements were happening and looking for support. Many times these groups or similar groups would use the fact that people disliked immigrants to get support and help to further their causes. This led to outrageous immigration laws.

Those Italians that were immigrating to the United States were entering through Ellis Island, New York. They were settling mostly in New York City, Chicago, Detroit, Baltimore, and Philadelphia. New York was the largest colony of Italians. Italian Harlem was located next to the East River and had a population of 150,000 living in an area of one square mile. (Medina)

The majority of the Italian immigrants were taking heavy manual labor jobs in steel mills, clothing factories, shoe factories, and construction. Because the Italians could not initially speak English, they were contracted out by professional labor brokers, known as the pardones, to help them find work. During this time, the Italians were making about $5 - $10 a month working 90 hours a week. Unfortunately, the padrones were not very much help because they were cheating them out of their money.(Magnussan) (Minty) (Lee)

The Italians had a difficult time adjusting to American life like any of the other immigrants, because of their language barriers and culture. The Italians learned English quickly, but found safety in their culture.

75 % of all Italian immigrants to the United States came from regions south of Rome where they had been farmers. Usually they would set up a distinctive ethnic neighborhood, called a Little Italy. By 1920 almost one-fourth of all Italian immigrants lived in New York City, while more than half lived in the Middle Atlantic States and New England.

Usually the man of the family would make the trip to America before the rest of the family. The man would work a seasonal and unskilled job building railroads, streets, skyscrapers, and public transportation systems; mining coal; or working in steel, shoe, and auto plants. Shortly after the women would follow the men to the United States and find work in the urban

garment trades, canneries, and textile mills. The children of the family would often leave school before getting their diploma to help their families make money. Life in Italian immigrants revolved around family, church, and small self-help insurance societies formed by villagers from a single Italian town. Key community businesses included banks, boardinghouses, groceries, and saloons. Later on, the Catholic Church, labor unions, and political parties would foot the bill for social clubs and sports. (Greco)

An example of one of these Little Italy's would be Italian Harlem, located in East Harlem. Throughout Italian Harlem, there was extremely poor housing and overcrowding. This Italian Harlem was one of the original settlements for Italian immigrants. This housing was specifically designed for immigrants. As late as 1939, 84 percent of these homes lacked central heating, 67 percent did not have a shower or bathtub, and 55 percent did not even have a private toilet. Only 7.5 percent of these apartments contained five or more rooms. The only park was constructed at the turn of the century. The city demolished six blocks of homes to create open space for this park. In the mid-1920s the district was known as the most populated block in the city. (Magnussan)

The Italian immigrants, like anyone would, were beginning to grow tired of these lives they were leading. They were getting frustrated with working long hours for low wages, then returning home to their awful living conditions. Many of these people resorted to a life of crime. The Irish and the Jews mainly controlled organized crime, in the early 1900s. The Italians saw

how these "gangsters" were living and making easy, quick money and wanted a piece of the action. Soon enough, Italian gangsters started to emerge in the world of organized crime.

Charles "Lucky" Luciano, born Salvatore Lucania, was born on November 24, 1897 on the island of Sicily. His family immigrated to New York City in 1906, when he was just six years old. Lucky joined the Five Points Gang, run by John Torrio, and eventually became a member of the Mafia. He rose to one of the top men of the Masseria Family. His expertise in prostitution and extortion quickly made him millions of dollars, with friends Meyer Lansky and "Bugsy" Siegel by his side. He was almost killed in 1929 when his throat was slit from ear to ear. He survived the incident, giving him the nickname "Lucky". (Bardsley)

Shortly after the incident, Luciano began formulating a plan to kill his boss, Masseria. It was around 3:30 pm when Luciano was out to eat with Masseria. Lucky asked the owner for a deck of cards, so that he and his boss could play a couple hands. After only one hand, Lucky excused himself to the restroom. An instant later, four men (Bugsy Siegel, Albert Anastasia, Vito Genovese and Joe Adonis) entered the restaurant and shot six bullets into Joe "The Boss" Masseria.

Masseria's death left all the power of the "Mafia" to Maranzano, now called The Boss of Bosses. However Maranzano was not aware that everybody on his payroll had already pledged their loyalty to Lucky Luciano. Luciano was informed that he and Vito Genovese