Juggling Ethics In El Barrio

Juggling Ethics in El Barrio

Anthropologists, being scientists whom deal with humans and their society, commonly find themselves at ethical crossroads. However, the ethical responsibilities and challenges that anthropologists face are multi-dimensional in the sense that they include all aspects of society. Anthropologists must take into account the ethical responsibilities he or she has for himself/herself, the people he/she is working with, the general public, and, in certain cases, for his or her own family; examples of which we will see in our dive into Bourgois' In Search of Respect.

The location and subject that Bourgois studied was undoubtedly the reason that he faced ethical issues which most ethnographers may not typically see to such a degree. Bourgois' obvious disgust in exposure to rape and self-masochism within the El Barrio society created confusion and betrayal within himself.

Regarding adolescent gang rape, Bourgois cries, "Caesar's voyeuristic bonding and sexual celebration of Primo's brutal account made me even more disgusted with my 'friends...' I felt betrayed by Primo" (Bourgois 2003:205). This statement is one of many throughout the book that portrays the author's disappointment and ethical struggle while spending time in El Barrio. An interesting part of Bourgois' statement that further magnifies his internal ethical struggle is how he referred to Primo and Caesar as quote-unquote "friends" implying that, at least at this point, Bourgois didn't consider them real friends because of their cruel actions in rape. Furthermore, it seems that Bourgois only questions his relationship with Primo when the subject of rape is involved. Throughout the book it became evident that Bourgois cared for Primo and actually did consider Primo as a dear friend: "As a friend of Primo's, I was worried about his escalating alcohol and narcotics consumption and wanted him to confront his problems." (Bourgois 2003:125). Philippe's dichotomy regarding his friends can be taken as an internal ethical and moral war within himself.

The author's use of cultural relativism, a belief that "culture should be explained and viewed objectively" (Lecture 9/6/07), allowed him to create supported claims of structure and agency. However, Bourgois found himself unable to view rape from a cultural relativistic point of view, and he "confronted the contradictions of anthropology's methodological caveat of suspending moral judgment" (Bourgois 2003:189). Bourgois, through a cultural relativistic point of view, rarely stated his opinions of self-destruction to his peers in El Barrio. However, it seemed that the opinions he did voice were because of an ethical issue he was facing: " 'You motherfu**ers are sick [...] That is some sick shit you're saying. You motherfu**ckers were nothin' but a bunch of perverts' " (Bourgois 2003:210-211). At this point, it is clearly obvious that Bourgois truly detests this part of the El Barrio society. In fact, Bourgois' ethical issue on rape is stated again and again throughout the book. The mere massive prevalence of these statements allows the readers to see Bourgois' view on rape.

While not to such a degree as rape, Bourgois did show other subject matters in which he had ethical issues with. It seemed that Bourgois was stressed with the fact that children were being destructed in El Barrio (Bourgois 2003:261). This particular ethical conflict was so obvious that he discussed the selling of crack to pregnant mothers with those who worked at the crackhouses (Bourgois 2003:283).

Other ethical challenges Bourgois had to balance were the requests of Ray, the crackhouse owner, who wanted Philippe to help him launder money and establish illegal "legal" businesses. Bourgois states that he "always concocted excuses to avoid unwittingly becoming a facilitator to his money-laundering schemes" (Bourgois 2003:28). Additionally, Bourgois dealt with a bit of racism in El Barrio. Although the racism wasn't a direct ethical issue for Bourgois, he now understood the prevalence of "racial and class-based apartheid in America" (Bourgois 2003:29), which did indirectly create a struggle for Philippe because of our society's poor ethical morale.

Aside from the author's personal ethical struggles, he also had job-related ethical responsibilities to deal with. An anthropologist's most important ethical obligation is to the people he or she is studying (Kottack 2006:44). Bourgois does a great job of upholding his ethical responsibilities to the people of El Barrio. Bourgois noted the time when he shut off his tape recorder in fear of recording a taboo subject matter, but Caesar tells him to take his tape recorder out and start recording again (Bourgois 2003:23). The author's ethical responsibility was further magnified when he says that it took him two years to develop such a relationship with Candy in which he could begin tape recording her (Bourgois 2003:217).

According to the Code of Ethics of the American Anthropological Association, "Anthropological researchers must determine in advance whether their hosts/providers of information wish to remain anonymous..." Burgoise fulfilled his responsibility by changing everyone's name and disguising street addresses to protect individual privacy" (Bourgois 2003:xiii).

The author's state of concern regarding that the general public may perceive El Barrio inaccurately exemplifies his genuine mindfulness for upholding the ethical responsibilities that he owes to the entire El Barrio society. Bourgois is worried that the book will be misread and that Puerto Ricans and the poor will be negatively portrayed (Burgois 2003:11). Nevertheless, Bourgois knows when to draw the line for he does not want to publically humiliate the "poor and the powerless." He refused to write about the survivors of rape (even though he had the tools to do so) because he "did not have the same kinds of long-term relationships with these individuals" as he had with his key cultural consultants (Bourgois 2003:207).

The ethnographer's key cultural consultants, people within the community who the ethnographer can depend on for insight into the society (Lecture 9/06/07), clearly gave Bourgois the go-ahead in researching the underground crack society. Ray continually asked "How's that book comin' Felipe? Finished yet?"