List of Muscles

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION

Anterior auricularis

• Galea aponeurosis to cartilage of auricle
• Draws auricle anteriorly and superiorly

Posterior auricularis

• Mastoid process to posterior root of auricle
• Draws auricle posteriorly

Superior auricularis

• Galea aponeurosis to cartilage of auricle
• Draws auricle superiorly and posteriorly

Frontalis (occipitofrontalis)

• Galea aponeurosis to subcutaneous tissue of eyebrows
• Elevates eyebrows

Occipitalis (occipitofrontalis)

• Superior nuchal line and temporal bone to galea aponeurosis
• Moves scalp

Orbicularis oculi

• Maxilla, frontal and lacrimal bone to skin around margin of orbit and upper and lower eyelids
• Closes eye

Corrugator supercilii

• Nasal bridge and orbicularis oculi to skin of eyebrows
• Draws eyebrows medially and inferiorly

Procerus

• Bridge of nose to frontalis
• Creates horizontal wrinkles in frowning

Levator palpebrae superioris

• Lesser wing of sphenoid to upper eyelid
• Elevates upper eyelid, opens eye

Nasalis

• Maxilla to bridge and ala of nose
• Dilates nostrils

Orbicularis oris

• Modiolus of mouth to submucosa and dermis of lips
• Closes and protrudes the lips

Levator labii superioris alaque nasi

• Maxilla to upper lip
• Elevates upper lip

Levator labii superioris

• Maxilla to orbicularis oris of upper lip
• Elevates upper lip

Zygomaticus minor

• Zygomatic bone to orbicularis oris of upper lip
• Elevates upper lip

Zygomaticus major

• Zygomatic bone to angle of mouth
• Elevates upper lip (also laterally) in laughing

Levator anguli oris

• Maxilla to orbicularis oris (angle of mouth)
• Elevates angle of mouth (smiling)

Risorius

• Zygomatic arc and fascia near ear to modiolus of mouth
• Draws angle of mouth laterally (laughing, horror)

Depressor anguli oris

• Inferior margin of mandibular body to modiolus
• Draws angle of mouth inferiorly and laterally

Depressor labii inferioris

• Lower border of mandible to orbicularis oris of lower lip
• Depresses lower lip

Buccinator

• Alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible (lateral surface) to orbicularis oris at a angle of mouth
• Compresses and retracts cheek

Mentalis

• Mandible near inferior incisors to skin of chin at mental protuberance
• Elevates and protrudes lower lip, elevates and wrinkles skin over chin

Platysma

• Fascia of deltoid and pectoralis major to skin over inferior border of mandible
• Depresses lower lip and wrinkles skin of neck and upper chest

MUSCLES OF MASTICATION

Temporalis

• Temporal fossa to anterior ramus of mandible and coronoid process
• Elevates and retracts of mandible

Masseter

• Zygomatic arch to lateral surface of mandibular ramus and angle
• Elevates and protracts mandible

Medial pterygoid

• Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate and lateral surface of maxilla to medial surface of mandibular ramus and angle
• Protracts and elevates the mandible

Lateral pterygoid

• Lateral side of lateral pterygoid plate and greater wing of sphenoid to condylar process of mandible and articular disc of TMJ
• Protract and depresses mandible

TONGUE MUSCLES (muscles of chewing and swallowing)

Intrinsic muscles: Longitudinal, tranverse and vertical

• Within tongue
• Changes shape of tongue

Genioglossus

• Genu of mandible posteriorly to inferior surface of tongue from root to apex
• Depresses and protrudes of tongue

Hyoglossus

• Body and greater horn of hyoid bone to lateral and inferior surfaces of tongue
• Depresses tongue

Styloglossus

• Styloid process of temporal bone to superolateral surface of tongue
• Retracts tongue (draws tongue upward and posteriorly)

Palatoglossus

• Soft palate to lateral surface of tongue
• Elevates posterior part (root) of tongue, closes oral cavity off from pharynx

HYOID MUSCLES (muscles of chewing and swallowing)

SUPRAHYOID GROUP:

Digastric

• Mastoid process (posterior belly) /mandible near midline (anterior belly) to hyoid bone
• Depresses mandible (hyoid bone fixed) – opens mouth widely; elevates hyoid when mandible is fixed

Geniohyoid

• Genu of mandible to body of hyoid
• Depresses mandible protract hyoid

Mylohyoid

• Body of mandible (inferior margin) to hyoid bone
• Forms “floor” of mouth; Elevates floor of mouth (when swallowing)

Stylohyoid

• Styloid process of temporal bone to hyoid
• Elevates hyoid bone

INFRAHYOID GROUP:

Omohyoid

• Superior border of scapula to hyoid
• Depresses hyoid after it is elevated

Sternohyoid

• Manubrium and first coastal cartilage to hyoid
• Depresses hyoid

Thyrohyoid

• Thyroid cartilage to hyoid
• Depresses hyoid, elevates larynx (singing high notes)

Sternothyroid

• Manubrium and first coastal cartilage to thyroid cartilage
• Depresses larynx (singing low notes)

MUSCLES OF SOFT PALATE (Muscles of swallowing)

Tensor veli palatine

• Sphenoid and auditory tube to soft palate
• Tenses soft palate, opens auditory tube

Levator veli palatine

• Temporal bone to soft palate
• Elevates soft palate

Palatoglossus

• Soft palate to tongue
• Elevates posterior tongue

Palatopharyngeus

• Soft palate to pharynx
• Depresses palate, elevates pharynx

Uvulae

• Posterior nasal spine to uvula
• Elevates uvula

MUSCLES OF PHARYNX (Muscles of swallowing)

Superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors