Martin Luther

Martin Luther (November 10, 1483вЂ"February 18, 1546) was a German university professor whose confrontation with Charles V at the Diet of Worms over freedom of conscience in 1521 was one of the events that initiated the Protestant Reformation. He was a monk, theologian, and church reformer.[1]

Luther's theology challenged the authority of the papacy by holding that the Bible is the only infallible source of religious authority[citation needed] and that all baptized Christians under Jesus are a spiritual priesthood.[2] According to Luther, salvation was a free gift of God, received only by true repentance and faith in Jesus as the Messiah, a faith given by God and unmediated by the church. These ideas inspired the Protestant Reformation and changed the course of Western civilization.[3]

Luther's refusal to submit to the authority of Charles V resulted in his being declared an outlaw of the state as he had been excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church. Because of the perceived unity of the medieval Roman Catholic Church with the secular rulers of western Europe, the widespread acceptance of Luther's doctrines and popular vindication of his thinking on individual liberties were both phenomenal and unprecedented.[citation needed]

His translation of the Bible into the vernacular, making it more accessible to ordinary people, had a tremendous political impact on the church and on German culture. It furthered the development of a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation,[4] and influenced the translation of the English King James Bible.[5] His hymns inspired the development of congregational singing within Christianity.[6] His marriage to Katharina von Bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage within Protestantism.[7]

Much scholarly debate has concentrated on Luther's writings about the Jews. His statements