New America

The stock market crash of 1929 helped launch the United States into the worst economic depression in history. The severity of the Great Depression called for an immediate way to recover what was lost and some relief to the victims. Franklin D. Roosevelt was nominated for president in 1932, in his inauguration he stated , “ I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people”(5). Little did he know, his plan was one of the hallmarks of economic and social reforms in history. Roosevelt was that man to pull America through the Depression.

Franklin D. Roosevelt was born in Hyde Park, New York on January 30, 1882. His parents and private tutors provided him with almost all his formative education. He received a BA degree in history from Harvard in only three years (1900-03). Roosevelt next studied law at New York's Columbia University. In 1907, he left school without taking a degree. For the next three years he practiced law with a prominent New York City law firm. He entered politics in 1910 and was elected to the New York State Senate as a Democrat(7).

Roosevelt was reelected to the State Senate in 1912, and supported Woodrow Wilson's candidacy at the Democratic National Convention. As a reward for his support, Wilson appointed him Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1913, a position he held until 1920. His position prepared him for his future role as Commander-in-Chief during World War II. Roosevelt's popularity and success in naval affairs resulted in his being nominated for vice-president by the Democratic Party in 1920. Many were against Wilson’s plan for U.S. participation in the League of Nations causing many votes towards Warren Harding into the presidency, and Roosevelt returned to private life.

While vacationing at New Brunswick in the summer of 1921, Roosevelt caught poliomyelitis. Despite courageous efforts to overcome his crippling illness, he never regained the use of his legs.

With the encouragement and help of his wife Roosevelt resumed his political career. In 1928 Alfred E. Smith became the Democratic candidate for president and arranged for Roosevelt's nomination to succeed him as governor of New York. Smith lost the election to Herbert Hoover; but Roosevelt was elected governor.

Following his reelection as governor in 1930, Roosevelt began to campaign for the presidency. While the economic depression damaged Hoover and the Republicans, Roosevelt's(democrat) bold efforts to combat it in New York benefited his reputation. In Chicago in 1932, Roosevelt won the nomination as the Democratic Party candidate for president. He then campaigned calling for government intervention in the economy to provide relief, recovery, and reform. His activist approach and personal charm helped to defeat Hoover in November 1932 by seven million votes(6).

All aspects of American society suffered during the Great Depression. By 1932, there were millions of people unemployed.. There was no security for the millions who lost all of their savings in the bank failure or stock market crash. Volunteer organizations attempted to help the needy, but their resources were simply not adequate (Madaras and SoRelle 218). Hope seemed non-existent. Americans had never seen such a severe depression. The New Deal was Roosevelt's attempt to restore the economy. His willingness to act decisively and experiment with new policies set him apart from previous presidents(Tindall and Shi 1238).

The first order of business for the Roosevelt administration was financial reform. Banking is a crucial aspect of capitalism and Roosevelt was very aware of this fact. On his second day in office, Roosevelt called Congress to meet in a special session. The outcome was the Emergency Banking Relief Act, which permitted stable banks to reopen and provided managers to those who remained in trouble. The Glass-Steagall Act separated commercial and investment banking and created the Federal Deposit Insurance

Corporation. These actions all helped restore banking confidence within American

people. Roosevelt ensured that it was safer to "keep your money in a reopened bank

than under the mattress"(Tindall and Shi 1238). After accomplishing this task, the new

administration was ready to solve other problems.

Other financial programs included the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), and the Agriculture Adjustment Administration (AAA). The SEC functioned in regulating the stock and bond markets. The NIRA and AAA were aimed at recovery through regulation. The NIRA played a big role in restoring confidence in the system and helped to increase demand and wages. The NIRA did work for a short time, perhaps because a new air of confidence had overcome the depression blues and the downward spiral of wages and prices had subsided. But as soon as economic recovery began, the honeymoon ended (Tindall and Shi 1248). The AAA was set up to help farmers with the costs of harvesting their crops. The AAA achieved success in boosting the overall farm economy, but unfortunately, someone had to pay for the success. That someone was the taxpayers and consumers.

Relieving the widespread distress was another major priority of the new administration. Roosevelt once remarked, " The test of our progress is not whether we add to the abundance of those who have much. It is whether we provide enough for those who have