Principles of Health Science Semester Exam Study Guide

Principles of Health Science Semester Exam Study Guide

• History of Health Care:

• Ancient times – superstition was everywhere, evil spirits caused disease

• Digitalis (foxglove plant) to slow the heart
• Quinine (cinchona tree bark) treats malaria
• Belladonna (nightshade plant) stops spasms
• Morphine (poppy seed) stops pain

• Egyptians – first to keep health records on papyrus, still believed gods caused illness

• Priests were doctors
• Mummification
• Eye of Horus became Rx symbol

• Greeks – studied the cause of diseases with research

• Lack of sanitation caused illness
• Hippocrates was Father of Medicine
• Aesculapius was the god of medicine

• Romans – learned from Greeks

• Developed sanitation systems
• Sewers, baths, aqueducts

• Dark and Middle Ages – superstition returned as cause of disease

• Only monks and nuns practiced medicine
• Bubonic plague, smallpox, typhoid fever and many epidemics
• Crusaders spread disease, thus were contagious

• Renaissance – rebirth of medicine

• Medical schools started, many books published, dissections were legal
• Leonardo da Vinci’s “Vitruvian Man” shows human anatomy

• 18th Century – many discoveries

• Edward Jenner – smallpox vaccine
• Ben Franklin – bifocals

• 19th and 20th Century – even more discoveries

• Louis Pasteur – developed Germ Theory
• Joseph Lister – Father of Antiseptics (Listerine)
• Robert Koch – Father of Microbiology, found TB
• Wilhelm Roentgen – discovered X-rays
• Alexander Fleming – discovered penicillin

• Legal and Ethical Responsibilities:

• Civil and Criminal Law – know the difference

• Criminal – protects from people who pose a threat to society
• Civil – disputes between people

• Tort – a person is harmed by another’s actions or lack of action

• Assault and battery, false imprisonment, invasion of privacy, malpractice

• Contract – voluntary agreement between people. Made up of offer, acceptance, and consideration

• Implied contract – not stated in words
• Expressed contract – clearly said or written

• Legal Disability – people who can’t enter a contract

• Minors, mentally disabled, unconscious, drugged

• HIPAA – Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

• The four purposes are privacy, security, simplification, and portability of a patient’s health information (aka privileged communication)

• Advance Directives – documents created ahead of time where a patient states his/her decisions regarding health care

• Living will – States what patient wants/doesn’t want
• Durable Power of Attorney – patient gives someone else the right to choose for them

• Cultural Diversity:

• Culture – set of beliefs, attitudes, languages, rituals, behaviors
• Ethnicity – based on national origin
• Race – based on physical and biological characteristics
• Holistic care – addresses mental, physical, and social wellbeing
• WHO – World Health Organization

• Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, not just absence of disease

• Know the basic understanding of health according to different cultures

• South African, Asian, Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Native American have strong spiritual beliefs, defmons and godson
• Europeans believed we control our health

• Medical Terminology:

• Study med term glossaries as well as medical dictionaries. Know definition of each word segment and know how to break a term apart

• Prefixes – usually describe position, color, location, characteristics
• Roots – usually a specific body part
• Suffixes – also descriptors or type of condition

Root Words:

• -acro- : extremities (Arms, legs)
• -adeno- : Gland/glandular
• -adreno- : Adrenal glands
• -alba- : white
• -algesia- or –algia : Pain
• -angio- : Blood vessel
• -ankylo- : crooked/looped
• -appendo- : Appendix
• -arterio- : artery
• -arthro- : joints
• -ase : enzyme
• -asthenia : weakness
• -athero- : fatty plaque
• -audio- : hearing
• -auro- : ear
• -blast- : embryonic cell/build
• -blepharo- : eyelid
• -brachi- : arm
• -bronchi- or –broncho- : air passages of the lungs
• -bucca- : cheek
• -calcu- : stone
• -carcino- : cancer
• -cardio- : heart
• -carpo- : wrist
• -cele : hernia/swelling
• -centesis : puncture to remove fluids
• -cephalo- : head
• -cerebro- : brain
• -cervic- : neck
• -cheilo- : lip
• -chiro- : hand
• -chloro- : green
• -chole- : gallbladder/bile
• -chondri- : cartilage
• -chromo- : color
• -cise : to cut
• -colo- : large intestine/colon
• -costo- : rib
• -cranio- : skull
• -cut- : skin
• -cyano- : blue
• -cysto- : bladder/sac
• -cyto- : cell
• -dacry-: tear duct/tear
• -dactlyo-: fingers/toes
• -dento- : tooth
• -derma- : skin
• -duodeno- : duodenum(First section of small intestine)
• -dyni- : pain
• -dys- : difficult/painful
• -ectasis: dilation (stretching or explanding)
• -emesis: vomit
• -emia- : blood
• -encephalo- : brain
• -entero- : intestines
• -erythro- : red
• -faci- : face
• -fascia- : band of connective fibers
• -fibro- : fiber
• -gastro- : stomach
• -genito- : reproductive organs
• -geronto- : old age
• -gingiva- : gums
• -glosso- : tongue
• -gluc- or –glyc- : Sugar (glucose)
• -gyn- : female
• -hema- , -hemato, -hemo- : blood
• -hepato- : liver
• -histo- : tissue
• -hystero-: uterus
• -ileo- : ileum (3rd part of the small intestine)
• -it is : inflammation
• -kerato- : cornea
• -labi- : lip
• -lacrima- : tears/tear gland
• -laparo- : abdomen
• -laryngo : larynx
• -lepsy : seizure/convulsion
• -leuko- : white
• -lingua- : tongue
• -lipo- : fat
• -litho- : stone (Calculus)
• -lympho- lymph tissue
• -lys, -lysis, lyso- : dissolving/destroying
• mal- : bad/abnormal/disordered
• -malacia- : softening
• -mammo- : mammary glands
• -mania- : insanity
• -masto- : breast
• -megaly : enlargement (normal or abnormal)
• melano- : black
• -meningo- : meninges (3 layers covering the brain [dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater])
• -mortem : death
• -muco- : mucus
• -myo- : muscle
• -myco- : fungus
• -myelo- : bone marrow/spinal cord
• -narco- : numb/stupor
• -naso- : nose
• -nephro- : kidney
• -neuro-  : nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
• -oculo- : eye
• -odonto- : teeth
• -oma : tumor (usually benign)
• -onco- : mass/tumor
• -oophoro- : ovary/egg cell
• -opthalmo- : eye
• -opia : vision
• -optic- : relating to vision
• -oro- : mouth
• -orchido- : testes
• -orrhea : flow/discharge
• ortho- : straightened
• -osteo- : bone
• -oto- : ear
• -ovi- , -ovario- : egg/ovary
• -pancreato- : pancreas
• -paresis : paralysis
• -partum- : birth/ labor
• patho-, -pathia, -pathy : disease
• ped-, pedia- : child
• -penia : deficiency
• -pepsia-, -pepsis- : digestion
• -phago- : eat
• -pharyngo-  : pharynx
• -phas- , -phasia- : speech
• -philia, -philic : attracted to
• -phlebo- : vein
• -phobia : fear
• -phylaxis : prevention/protection
• -plasty : surgerical repair
• -plegia : paralysis
• -pleuro- : rib cage
• -pnea : breathing
• -pneumo- :lungs
• -pod- : feet
• -procto- : rectum
• psora- : ich
• -psychi- , -psycho- : mind
• -ptosis : drooping
• pulmono- : lungs
• -pyo- : pus
• -pyelo- : renal pelvis
• pyro- : heat/fever
• -recto- : rectum
• -reno- : kidney
• -rhino- : nose
• -rrhagia : sudden or excessive flow
• -rrhea : flow
• -rrhexis : rupture/bursting