Rate Of Reaction

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Background KnowledgeвЂ¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦2

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Results TableвЂ¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦Ð²Ð‚¦..8

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Aim

The aim and objective of this experiment is to investigate into the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction. The substrate concentration will be Hydrogen peroxide and the enzyme used will be Catalase, both of these will be in solution form.

Background knowledge

The effect of temperature of enzyme activity

Enzymes work at different temperatures, at low temperature reactions are slower, enzymes work slowly, the molecules move around slowly and hardly collide together, therefore kinetic energy is much slower. On the other hand at high temperature reactions are higher, enzymes therefore work faster. The molecules move around more frequently and collide faster and the kinetic energy is much faster.

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The graph shows the effect of temperature of an enzyme. This shows the rate of reaction increasing, therefore the enzyme will denature at a specific temperature. E.g. 37Ð'oC

The effect pH7 Buffer: a buffer is a solution that maintains the constant of a pH. A buffer solution has to contain things which will remove any hydrogen ions that might be added to it. Otherwise the pH will change.

The effect of pH on enzyme activity

PH is the measure of how acidic or alkaline a solution is. E.g. a solution of pH 1 is acidic, pH 10 is Alkaline and pH 7 is Neutral.

If the pH of an enzyme falls it will cause the ionic bonds between the R groups of an amino acid to break.

The graph shows the effect of pH on the enzyme activity.

Catalase

Catalase is an enzyme found in different cells, e.g.: liver cells, plant cells. Catalase also helps the alternation of hydrogen peroxide, which is a powerful oxidising agent.

The features of catalase are the following; it is a molecule that contains four polypeptide chains, each chain containing hundreds of amino acids. There are also haem groups in the enzyme catalase, as there is in haemoglobins. The function of the haem group is that it catalyses enzyme activity. One molecule of Catalase can change millions of hydrogen peroxide molecules to water and oxygen.

The factors that affect the activity of catalase are temperature, pH, salt concentration and the interest of inhibitors.

Substrate concentration: if all other conditions are achieved continuously the rate of reaction should increase the concentration of the substrate. Therefore at low concentration the reaction rate will increase very slowly, and at higher concentration reaction rates will begin to level off. So then the highest rate of reaction can be accepted.

Hydrogen Peroxide

Hydrogen Peroxide is a clear liquid, which is more viscous than water and is also a powerful bleaching agent.

The enzyme catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is a highly active chemical, often used for bleaching and cleansing wounds. It is a toxic and if it were not to be broken down by cells it would destroy them.

The chemical equation for hydrogen peroxide:

Activation Energy

Activation energy is needed to start a reaction. It directly