Revolutions In Europe

REVOLUTIONS OF 1820

Only five years after finished the Congress of Vienna, in 1820, important movements of opposition to the forces of the Restoration on the part of the liberal bourgeoisie and the nationalists took place. In Spain the reaction of the absolutist policy of King Fernando VII caused that in 1820, they rose to the troops of the commander Irrigation who went from the port of Cadiz to choke the rise of the colonies of Hispano-America. The military rise restored a liberal regime that lasted three years, this one finalized with the intervention of loyal troops to the Restoration. Other revolutionary movements occurred in Europe, in the Balkan Mountains rose against the Ottoman power Serbia and Greece, obtaining this last independence.

In Italy and Russia like in the explained cases, momentary revolutionary movements in Naples and Sardinia took place. In Russia the new czar Nicholas I even occurred ephemeral scrambled against, well-known with the Decembrist name; although always they were choked by the restoration forces.

REVOLUTIONS OF 1830

The French Revolution, spread in Europe through the Napoleonic campaigns and the Industrial Revolution with the sprouting of great proletarian masses, leads at the beginning of remarkable movements, whose common points were the nationalism and political liberalism. In 1830 the Revolution in France and in Belgium exploded later, Poland, Italy and Germany. The French monarchs Louis XVIII and Charles X reestablished the old regime not knowing some of the 1789 principles. In 1830 Carlos X reigned in France with the support of the church and the conservatives. Convinced Absolutist, dissolved the House of Representatives, suspended the freedom of press and modified the electoral right. These dispositions violated the Constitutional charter, which motivated the town, to the liberal bourgeoisie and the republican societies to revolt. During the 26, 27 and 28 of July fought against the troops of the king. These days that denominated "the three glorious days", they finished with the proclamation of Duke Luis Felipe of Orleans like king of the French. Their moderate ideas were a guarantee for the bourgeoisie. Behind France, the 25 of August of 1830, a revolutionary movement in Belgium began and obtained with the support of the French and English the independence of Holland, with which it had integrated the Netherlands by disposition of the Congress of Vienna. Also in Italy and Germany the secret societies of mason followed the example French and promoted popular rises in favor of the constitutional regime. Both wished to free themselves of the Austrian yoke and praised a movement of national reconstruction to be unified and to separate definitively of Austria, but the reactionary forces were able to annul it. In Warsaw the nationalists initiated a revolution to proclaim their independence, but she was in vain, since the czarist forces of Nicholas I defeated them and affirmed to Poland like Russia province.

REVOLUTIONS OF 1848

In spite of the failure of the 1830 revolutions, the republican and socialist ideas continued extending by the European continent and in 1848 movements exploded again revolutionary; these had two factors in common already studied: 1. They affected great part of Europe. 2. They were work of the bourgeoisie and the ideas of the nationalism. Although they had similarities, also had important differences: 1. They constituted the end of the forces of Restoration. 2. It was fought by a new more democratic order. 3. It appears as a lucid form of a new social class, the working class, and a new ideology, the socialism. Causes of the revolutionary movements: Social malaise due to the bad conditions of life, mainly of the farmers and the workers of the industries, since Europe lived the consequences of an important agricultural crisis, because of the bad 46 harvests of 1845 and the disease of the potato (it bases of the feeding of the humble classes), with the consequent ascent of the price of the bread. To all it was united the diffusion of diseases like the rage and the typhus, caused by the bad hygienic conditions.

Crisis of the industry before the impossibility of the factories to sell all the products they made. The masses of workers with miserable pays could not buy what they needed by lack of income. The crisis extended to the financing of the companies, when not being able the patterns to face the credits requested to the banks and to take place the collapse of their actions in stock-market by lack of benefits, which caused massive dismissals? The determined action of the liberal bourgeoisie? The weakness of the political system of the restoration? The force of the nationalistic ideal? The elaborated appearance of a socialist theory, because before this date already it existed as an imperfect way. In 1848, Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) they publish the Communist Manifesto, brief book that gave a theory to the labor movement.

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