Social Darwinism

Something that many people still do not comprehend is that Indigenous people in Australia are actually very much a part of a system that has been a major part of their own oppression. The way that our society operates and the values we place on our community are a flow on effect, if you like, of the early ideas put forward by anti-Indigenous theorists. Social Darwinism has had a profound effect, and while some may consider it a relic of a forgotten and backward period in history it is still present, and this is something that Indigenous people have to live with. The system that they now have no choice but to try and fit into is the very same system that wreaked such a great amount of havoc in the past. It would be folly to suggest that the system should be changed to fix this problem, but as educators we can make a significant difference. It is paramount that educators have an understanding of the way that Social Darwinism has affected Indigenous people. It is important for them to recognise that Social Darwinism and it’s related theories have oppressed and ruined the lives of many Indigenous people. It is then also very important that they have a strategy in place to address these issues now and in the future.

One horrid exclamation point of colonisation was that, all things considered, Indigenous people were considered to be nothing more than unwanted savages. They were classed as an inferior race even before the beginnings of Social Darwinism. It is a theory that has not all together disappeared. A flick through some leading Australian newspapers will attest to this. Race had been a fictional term, but it became a much used and important term and �provided an explanation for the rise and fall of civilisations.’ It also provided the explanation for the prominence of white races throughout European colonisation. Racial groups were at the time considered quite different species to one another, a knowledge that was consolidated by the Polygenesis theory. With this theory in mind you can see how white �colonisers’ would have felt that this �species’ of people they encountered when entering Australia were certainly inferior. Hence the afore mentioned propensity to consider them unwanted savages and treat them accordingly. They would act however necessary to prevent the Indigenous people from diverting their attention from their tasks.

Another concept that held credibility throughout Australian settlement was вЂ?The great chain of being’. This theory placed different groups into an ordered and hierarchical pattern вЂ?beginning with the simplest creatures, ascending through the primates to man.’ Indigenous Australians were considered to stand at the very bottom of the chain. “In whatever respect the African differs from the European, the particularity brings him nearer to the ape.’ In light of this, Indigenous people held no position in the вЂ?new European’ society.

Darwinist theory, initiated by Charles Darwin, was similar to the great chain of being and the Polygenesis theories, but it included the concept of race and used this to justify the distinction between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. Under the theory people were still placed in a type of premiership ladder that showed their intellectual and physical aptitude. A difference between the theories, however, was that �the great chain was a spatial concept, a staircase of living matter; the Darwinist’s saw the hierarchy as a temporal sequence.’ Darwinist theory works on notions of evolution and the idea that, for whatever reason, different groups develop differently. Darwin went as far as talking about a �survival of the fittest’, where natural selection ensured that people evolved according to a variety of conditions and formed a new species. The old, less suitable variety, would simply die out and disappear.

According to Drummond, in his publication Ascent of Man (1894), �the Australian native has been repeatedly, almost exclusively, chosen to illustrate the lowest stage of human development.’ �The lowest stage… of all human species.’ This is confirmed by Hollinsworth, as he states that Social Darwinism provided a �coherent theory which was believed to scientifically and objectively prove two beliefs widely held at that time. Firstly, that Aborigines were physically or biologically inferior, and secondly, that this inferiority was so profound as to condemn them to extinction in accordance with the laws of natural selection and survival of the fittest.’

These assumptions are of course now, in a time of social justice, equal rights and large doses of anti-racism, very questionable. Why did people not question these obviously careless and unproven assertions? The answer is that people simply did not know any better. Scientists argued that Indigenous people were inferior, in part, because of the size of their heads. �The smallness of the Aboriginal brain is the cause of all his miserable manifestations of mind.’ An assertion like this, in a time where science was still largely an unknown quantity, could be very persuasive. It only follows logic, to play devil’s advocate, that somebody with a smaller head and brain would not be as smart as the rest of us. Is that not why small birds and bugs are not as smart as us? Of course, there is absolutely no scientific proof to justify the idea that the size of an individual’s head is a determinant of their mental and physical capacity. It may be said that scientists used this position to exercise power over an unusual and annoying race and to vindicate the harsh treatment of Aboriginal peoples. It may be that they truly believed their allegation. Either way, the general public believed it in the main, and so the injustice was justified.

Social Darwinism believed that, in line with the survival of the fittest idea, inferior races of mankind must give way to those on the higher rungs on the ladder. It was a step forward in human progress and it was just natural that these inferior beings must be vanquished. In The Pastoral Age of Australia James Collier steadfastly argued that the destruction of Aboriginal society was �simply a question of superiority of race and the greater inherent capability on the part of the whites.’ This type of assertion was the thinking that allowed settlers to avoid having a conscience and go about destructing a way of life that had been in place long before they even knew this land existed. It explained the fact that Indigenous people were primitive in the way their societies ran and gave a big tick to over running