The Maasai

The Maasai

The Maasai are one of the many southern-most tribes located in Kenya. They are physically related, and also in many other forms related to the Samburu and Turkana. The Maasai have a relatively complex culture and traditions but for many years they were unheard of. By the late 1800's we soon discovered more about the Maasai, mostly from their oral histories. In this paper we will look at their history and origin, social structure, religion, economy, and communication.

Origin and History

It is presumed that the Maasai came from the north, probably from the region of the Nile Valley in Sudan. Also presumed is that they left this area sometime between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries, migrating southwards towards the Great Rift Valley. According to the Maasai oral history, they came from a crater or deep valley somewhere to the north, at a place called Endikir-e-Kerio . Although many scholars have called

this place the southeastern region of Lake Turkana, many of the oral histories say that they may have come from further up north, near the Nile river. Whichever location, this is migration was caused by a dry spell. According to the Maasai, a bridge was built, and after half the livestock and people had left the dry area, the bridge collapsed leaving back the other half of the population. These people later climbed out of the valley, and were helped by the present day Somali, Borana, and Rendille peoples. The Maasai later entered Kenya, and moved south through the Rift Valley, where there was pasture for their cattle. Because there was very little surface water, the Maasai resorted to pastoralism instead of agriculture. The Maasai now own a total land area of 160,000 kilometers. ( http://maasai-infoline.org/TheMaasaipeople.html )

Social Structure

The elders are most respected in the tribe. They have a person that is their "king". Every day all tribe members will awake, and go to see the leader. He will then distribute jobs that need to get done. The people are not able to start the day without seeing the "king"; otherwise the workers could end up doing jobs that do not need to be accomplished. Age is the greatest influence in Maasai society. The older a tribe member is, the higher their status is among the tribe. Age-grades are the consecutive statuses that individuals are given in the course of their lives. While the age-grades are mainly for initiated men, women can obtain a higher age-grade after marriage. The ceremonies that occur for these passages through age are important in keeping this established tradition. The most important ages for both men and women are between 15 and 18. This is when the girls and boys are initiated into adulthood through the act of circumcision. After the act of circumcision, both boys and girls are able to take on new responsibilities in their community, including the right to marry, hold land, and cattle for themselves.

The rights that are given to women as they progress through age groups include the responsibilities of herds, land and families. Women look after the young children, milk the cattle, repair the huts, collect fire-wood, prepare the food, and may need to travel many miles to fetch water.

Warriors eventually go through the Eunoto ceremony leading to marriage when they can take several wives and have children (the men are allowed to have relationships with any circumcised women of their age group); they also begin to acquire cattle. Finally they become respected elders. Elders look to Laibon (spiritual leaders, perhaps one per clan) for advice and expect them to provide rain and good grazing.

When a mother sends her son to be initiated, she presents him with pendants known as surutia to wear throughout his initiation. He will later return these to her, to be worn proudly as a sign of her son's status. A mother will wear these surutia all of her life, and they are only removed in the event of a sons' death. This is also the time for girls to choose different warriors as boyfriends in such a pattern that many girls wind up sharing one warrior (and vice versa). These early relationships are preparation to maintain a productive family and household in a multiple arranged marriage.

Before marriage, a girl may decorate only the upper ear, and not the lobes. The upper ear is pierced with a large hole, and beading fastened to the ear. As a girl grows older, her ears are decorated more. At adulthood, her lobes are pierced, and gradually stretched with the weight of the beads. On her wedding day, an extremely elaborate, knee length necklace is worn throughout the ceremony. A wedding is cause for a girl to display all of her finery, and so many beaded necklaces and ornaments are worn that it can be difficult for the bride to walk. Married women wear the Nborro - long blue bead necklaces, and also decorate their earlobes with long beaded flaps. A married woman will usually carry a snuff container tied onto her necklaces. The older the women get, the more jewelry they will wear, and the "higher respected" they will be. If their husbands are master hunters, the women will wear more jewelry. They consider it very beautiful to have a long ear lobe, so they will place objects of great size in their ear, in an attempt to lengthen the ear lobe.

These marriages however are not just patriarchal. Each Maasai wife builds her house within a family homestead and lives off the herd that has been given to her through marriage. This herd provides food for her children and herself, and will be future herds for her sons later on in their lives. By organizing the family and resources in this way, there can be assurance that the sons will be supplied with enough resources to begin their own families later on. It also allows the family to pool resources, which will ensure a more reliable food sources in case of a drought. Although the dominant male in the family chooses whether or not to use these resources, it is up the woman to make sure they are available at all times. Not only are the women responsible for family care, but also house maintenance. The Maasai women are the ones to build the houses, after that they are the ones to maintain them, with no help. The Maasai women however are not treated too subserviently. They are able to speak in public, unlike many other tribes. They are also allowed to participate in many religious ceremonies, which is connected to the politics of the society. Unfortunately for women in the Maasai tribe though, they are limited to how many children they can have. This is to keep the population under control, seeing that there may not be enough resources. Before men are able to be eligible for marriage, they must undergo the warrior period and accumulate