Thomas MalthusвЂ"Section Summary

Thomas MalthusвЂ"Section Summary

Malthus’ work, Essay on the Principle of Population, is often cited, first by Darwin himself, to have influenced Darwin’s conception of the theory of natural selection. His work, though unpopular, and often proven to be off the mark, did in fact bring to the forefront many socio-economic issues that are still being debated today: population control, food production and concerns over uncontrollable diseases arising from the effects of over-population. In this passage it is stated that Malthus was proven wrong: “...Malthus’ dire predictions have proven to be wrong...” (Efficiency and Equity 211). However, though his calculations have proven to be wrong because he could not accurately account for the technological advances that would make food production keep apace of population growth, in many respects, in under-developed or undeveloped countries, the substance of his predictions, if not his calculations, have proven to be accurate. Though Malthus’ message caused the field of economics to be coined, “the dismal science” (Efficiency and Equity 211), he contributed much to the field of socio-economics and established that economic theory is a valid approach to the study of some of the greatest concerns mankind has regarding environmental allocation of resources, population control and governmental policies regulating issues relevant to these areas.

Section Questions

Question One

One of Malthus’ basic premises was that food production levels and population levels expand at different rates. His basic premise was that Britain’s population would continue to expand while its food production capacity would stagnate, or at best, lag far behind. This would result in less supply for more demand and the result would be stagnant or deteriorating standards of living in Britain. Malthus’ predictions proved wrong or inaccurate at the time because: 1) he did not account for technology’s ability to keep food production apace with population growth, and 2) he failed to account for the tendency for developed countries to reach a natural equilibrium in the birth/death equation on their own, which, in Britain’s case, as living standards improved families eventually did not need the larger number of offspring in order to ensure survival. In this sense, Malthus did not correctly identify the growth in family size as a reflexive response to economic necessity.

Question Two

The argument that Malthus’ set growth rates of food in relation to population ignored the role of food prices is accurate. In fact, by using set rates only in relation to each other, he ignored much more than food prices. In an artificial economy established in an economic lab such set ratios can be accurately predictive. However, in the natural environment, there are many external factors that would affect change on his model, and did affect change. Prices are a key oversight in his theory. While the basic premise that population growth may outstrip the growth in food productivity was true based on the circumstances within which he operated, he didn’t account for the economics of food productivity to drive an increase in production worldwide that offset any local market conditions and shortages in supply. In yet another respect, the role of food prices may depress population growth in that if food prices increase in a manner geometric to income, this may act as natural barrier to increased family size since simple economics keeps a family from having multiple off-spring. However, this argument itself is susceptible to other equally powerful and opposing rationales because, as many African countries have shown, some of their families simply can’t afford food at all but yet these countries still exhibit high birth rates. This is a dysfunction of under-developed countries and is a survival/coping strategy.

Compare and Contrast Viewpoints

It is surprising Malthus did not account for the effect of price in some of his theories on food production and population since, as Wrigley points out, he spent considerable effort examining the effect of prices on some food commodities, such as bread: “He [Malthus] had discovered that the high price of bread in England had become a burning issue during his absence, and the essay, published within a few months of his return, represents his analysis of its cause” (par.5). Malthus determined that during this particular scarcity of bread, that though the shortage was less than comparable shortages in other European countries, the cost of bread was 3 times as high as normal when, by comparison, the other countries with worse shortages of bread and bread ingredients, only demonstrated a doubling of prices. Malthus was obviously very aware of the effect pricing could have on food supplies and production.

Another criticism of Malthus that is only alluded to in the text is his tendency to heap an undue amount of blame on the lower classes for their role in population growth:

An 1881 report concluded that 80 percent of famine victims were drawn from the poorest 20 percent of the population...Thus, if the government spent more of its revenue on famine relief, an even larger proportion of the population would become penurious...although the administration was divided about the value of famine relief, these Malthusian views undoubtedly affected its volume and timing (Caldwell, par.40)

Malthus didn’t necessarily propose that poverty, exploding population growth, famine and disease was intentionally the fault of the poor and lowest social classes, but that it was their inability to ascribe to systemic checks that would curb population