Managment Timeline

10 november 2013

Management Timeline

1500s- Nicolo Machiavelli- The Prince. End justifies means. Leader must strive to be more feared than loved, ensure workers are united and loyal to achieve leaders vision.

1840s- Great Man Theory- Only a man could take on characteristics to make him a great leader. Leaders are born, not made.

1880- Scientific Management

1900-

-1904- Max Webber- Bureaucracy, theory of authority structures and relations. Organizations characterized by division of labour, clearly defined hierarchy, rules and regulations, impersonal relationships= accountability, consistent way of handling situation. Meritocracy. Protestant Ethic as basis of Scientific management.

1910-

-1910- Henry Gant- Applies scientific methods to improve workers efficiency. Incentives with bonuses.

Scheduling tools- Gant Chart- Chart managers could use for planning and completing work

-1911- Frederick Taylor- Principles of Scientific Management- Seeks to find best way to complete job duties through scientific method. Math workers to jobs based on their capabilities, train workers to their full potential, Closely monitor workers performance, Allow managers to plan and let workers do their work efficiently. Taylor increased workers pay to motivate them.

-1913- Hugo Munsterberg- Psychology and Industrial Efficiency Pioneer in industrial psychology to improve employee selection, studied human behavior to determine what technique would motivate them. Focuses on monotony, attention and fatigue in the work place. Physical and social influences on working power. Effects of advertising. Development of economic psychology. Individual needs and abilities.

-1914- Henry Ford- Streamlines production, like Taylorism, by assigning specific jobs to different people and saw great success in his car manufacturing business. Initiates mass production and line production where each worker contributes the same step towards the same product over and over again assuring continuity and quality control.

-1916- Henri Fayol- General and Industrial Administration. Functions of Management: To forecast and plan, to organize, to command or direct, to coordinate, to develop output, to control. 14 principles of management: Division of work, Authority, Discipline, Unity of command, Unity of direction, Subordination of individual’s interests to general interests, Remuneration, Centralization, Scalar chair- Line of authority, Order, Equity, Stability of tenure of personnel, Initiative, Esprit de Corps=Fayolism

-1917- Frank and Lillian Gilbreth- Scientific Industrial Management theory. Studied bricklayers body movements through slow motion film to eliminate unnecessary movements which they reduced from 18 to 5. Experimented design and use of different equipment for optimizing work performance. Proposed nurses give doctors the tools they needed whilst operating as they called out for them.

1920-

-1924-Mary Parker Follet- Organizations focus on group ethic rather than individualism, employee participation, autonomy, cross-functional teams. Managers should view subordinates as partners.

1929- Updated practitioner's manual: Scientific Management in American Industry

1930-

-1932- Elton Mayo- Questions the behavioral assumptions of scientific management. Mayo participates in the Hawthorne factory experiment. The studies concluded that human factors are more important than physical conditions to motivate employees to greater productivity when workers improved their work performance when they thought the new lighting conditions would help them work harder when in fact the lighting remained the same.

-1934- John Adair- Action Centered Leadership- Adair 3 overlapping circles= Task, Team, Individual. Manager hovers over the three but isn't completely part of any of them. responsibilities of a manager include: Achieving tasks, Managing a team or group, and managing individuals.

Behavioral Theories

1940-

-1943- Abraham Maslow- A Theory of Human Motivation hierarchy of needs. Humans must fulfill certain levels of needs before advancing up the pyramid towards self-actualization.

-1946- Kurt Lewin- Principles of Topological Psychological (Lewin’s Equation B=f(P,E) where Behavior is a Function of the Person and their Environment) Lewin proposes three leadership styles: Autocratic, Democratic, and Laissez-faire. Launches Research Center for Group Dynamics at MIT. His contributions in change theory, action research, and action learning earn him the title of the “Father of Organization Development:” the systematic application of behavioral science knowledge at various levels (group, intergroup, and total organization) to bring about planned change.

1950-

-1951- Carl Rogers- Humanist psychologist. Rogers believed that all humans searched for self-actualization through a positive self image, empathy and acceptance from others. Every person is capable of achieving their goals and achieve their full potential if surrounded by a favorable environment. Self-actualization happened when their ‘ideal self’ matched their actual behavior. 5 characteristics of ‘fully functional people’: openness to experience, trust their feelings, creativity, and a fulfilled life.

-1955- George Kelly, The Psychology of Personal Constructs Every individual is like a scientist who theorises and tests every aspect of their lives. As theories become contrued as successful or not, behavior patterns and views of the world are formed. Conflict arises when these constructs are challenged.

Contingency Theories

1960-

-1961- David McClelland- Theory of needs- Need for achievement or nACH, a need for power or nPOW, need for affiliation or nAFF.

-1960- Douglas McGregor- The Human Side of Enterprise X and Y theory. Theory Y= people have positive view of people, self direction, consider work and natural as rest or play. Theory X= negative view of people, little ambition, dislike work and responsibility, need