School Uniforms

In 1993, Will Rogers Middle School in California’s Long Beach County School District began discussing the idea of a school-wide uniform policy. That fall, Will Rogers became the first school in Long Beach County to have a mandatory uniform policy. Other schools in the district soon followed drawing national attention, including a personal visit from then President Clinton. Recent memories of school shootings around the nation caused President Clinton to urge other school districts to move to uniforms in his 1996 State of the Union Address. This started a seemingly endless debate over school uniforms in public schools. In order to be legal, every uniform policy has to have an option to not participate. Students that “opt-out” attend other schools that do not have uniform policies.

Most Republicans and the more moderate Democrats are in favor of uniforms while the more liberal Democrats oppose them. People in favor of uniforms support them for several reasons cited in a US Government manual on school uniforms:

• decrease in violence and theftвЂ"even life threatening situationsвЂ"among students over designer clothing or expensive sneakers;

• prevention of gang members wearing gang colors and insignias at school;

• instilling students with discipline;

• helping parents and students resist peer pressure to buy expensive clothing;

• helping students concentrate on their school work; and helping school officials to recognize intruders who come to the school. (“Manual” par. 2)

People against uniforms oppose them for several reasons: uniforms violate the first amendment right to freedom of expression; the claims of the supporters are not true, and problems in the schools are much bigger than a little answer like uniforms. Uniforms will just make things worse. Most of the arguments used on both sides are logos, but the anti-uniform side has some key ethos appeals. Uniforms definitely have some good qualities, but they are not the answer to all the problems in America’s schools.

Julia Wilkins wrote “The Answer to Violence in American Schools or a Cheap Educational Reform?” in the March 1999 issue of The Humanist to share her views regarding the on-going debate over uniforms in public schools. Through my research, her article has proven to be an authority on the subject. She did an excellent job representing the views of her side; she covers every point laid out in the Manual on School Uniforms put out by the government. Uniform proponents use more subtle persuasion to argue their point. This can be seen fairly clearly in two pro-uniform articles: One by Pat Wingert, the other by Jo Beth McDaniel.

The Wilkins’ article begins by pointing out a problem with violence in our public schools: “Media stories about a nationwide school epidemic, in which assaults on teachers are frequent and children are routinely killed over designer clothing, have been a constant over the past few years” (Wilkins par. 1). Wilkins then moves on to providing background information on the adoption of school uniforms by Long Beach County School District in 1995. She establishes Long Beach County’s actions as a turning point in the school uniform debate: “Since then, school uniforms have been upheld as the long-awaited policy tool for solving the crisis of school violence” (Wilkins par. 4). She further informs the reader of the statistics from Long Beach County that supporters of uniforms, including President Clinton, use in their arguments to prove uniforms are effective.

Next Wilkins begins to pick apart the claims of uniform supporters. She picks on an article from USA Today supporting uniforms. “What the article [from USA Today] fails to mention are the other steps to improve student behaviorвЂ"such as increasing the number of teachers patrolling the hallways during class changesвЂ"that were taken by Long Beach around the same time the uniform policy was introduced” (Wilkins par. 5). Bringing up similar points, like the added hall monitors, she creates a serious doubt of the validity of the statistics in the mind of the reader.

Wilkins moves on from there to a list of benefits from the Manual on School Uniforms, distributed after Clinton’s 1996 State of the Union address, urging schools to implement uniform policies, and the reasons she thinks these benefits are not valid. The first benefit she covers from the manual is “decreasing violence and theftвЂ"even life threatening situationsвЂ"among students over designer clothing or expensive sneakers” (Wilkins par. 8). She makes several good points demolishing the benefit cited by the manual: “For this to occur, there would have to be a clause in the dress code stating that no designer clothing or expensive sneakers could be worn as part of the school uniform” (Wilkins par. 9). This statement brings up an interesting point. Very few clothing companies make clothes with out their brand name on it. It would not be practical to ask the parents and children to find clothes without a name brand on them. “Children will not abandon all interest in designer labels” (Wilkins par. 9). Wilkins also points out the fact that the expensive sneaker problem is essentially solving itself. “This issue [expensive sneakers] is probably already a thing of the past, as boots are increasingly replacing sneakers as the footwear of choice for many teenagers” (par. 14).

Next Wilkins includes a very important ethos element. She recalls her experiences with uniforms in England. This establishes her knowledge on the subject. On uniforms, England is commonly looked to for insight since most of their schools are required to wear some type of uniform. She speaks from the inside perspective telling the reader what uniforms are really like for the students. This one paragraph is important because it gives the reader a reason to believe Wilkins. Without this ethos she is just another opinionated columnist.

Next Wilkins works on to the gang benefit. Uniform supporters claim that uniforms cut down on gang related violence in school. Uniforms really do not solve the gang problem in school, they just make it harder to spot gang members while they are in school: “The whole topic of clothing is a superficial issue, as gangs cannot be eliminated simply by forbidding the wearing of gang colors. Gang